Global Business Strategy Ford Motor Company

Question: Examine about the Global Business Strategyfor Ford Motor Company. Answer: Presentation In the contemporary society, worldwide ventures have perceived the significance of vital utilizing on their tasks. In this way, business associations have received systems and arrangements concentrating on guaranteeing that the organizations achieve manageability. As per Pilkington (2012), one region that associations have been utilizing to encourage vital utilizing is through guaranteeing a proficient worth chain. The paper gives a basic investigation of the worth chain of Ford Motor Company and how it has started manageability endeavors. The Companys Value Chain Passage Motor Company is a global business that has encountered a ceaseless development everywhere throughout the years. Portage Motor Company is the fifth biggest engine vehicle maker in the worldwide market. The car organization has figured out how to contend well against other vehicle fabricating organizations, for example, Nissan, Renault, Suzuki just as Chrysler Automobiles. The worth chain that has guaranteed the achievement of the organization incorporates: Item Planning and Design The primary stage in the worth chain in the organization is item arranging and plan. In this stage, the organization settles on basic choices on how the creation procedure will happen. The firm guarantees that there are fundamental assets, for example, talented workers and innovation that can be utilized to create different models of engine vehicles. For instance, in 2011, Ford planned new brands including Ford Fiesta and Ford Fusion. The idea of the market assumes a basic job during the item arranging and configuration stage (Kaplan Norton, 2015). The organization does a productive arranging that can bring about the improvement of its activities. During the arranging procedure, the organization examinations the nature the contenders items and piece of the overall industry before structuring top notch vehicle brands and models. Extraction of Raw materials The following basic stage in the worth chain of the organization manages the extraction of crude materials. The organization has built up a powerful relationship with providers of crude materials. The organization additionally re-appropriates crude materials in this manner making openings for work for others. The crude materials are significant in the collecting of the vehicle body parts in the companys plant. In 2012, the organization began tending to issues of contention minerals that were the crude materials for the organization. This stage assumes a basic job in the production of the different models of car machines. The organization observes the guidelines and government laws that control the extraction and utilization of crude materials. Gathering of Vehicles Another critical piece of the worth chain is the genuine assembling of the vehicles. The vehicle collecting happens in the different divisions and auxiliaries everywhere throughout the world. Through development, Ford Motor Company has been delivering propelled structures of engine vehicles. In 2014, the organization created 6.3 million vehicles for the worldwide market. The firm has in this manner figured out how to rule the worldwide market through the creation of a more excellent engine vehicle marks when contrasted with its rivals, for example, Chrysler Automobiles, Nissan and Renault Motor Company. During the amassing of vehicles, the wellbeing and security of the laborers assume a significant job. Correspondence Channel One significant technique that Ford Motor Company has used to start key utilizing is through embracing a proficient correspondence channel. The firm qualities correspondence, and in this manner it has grasped an alternate correspondence where the partners are engaged with basic dynamic in the organization (Currah, Wrigley 2014). For instance, since 2005, the organization has received an online correspondence gathering in which the clients interface with the organization. Through compelling correspondence, the organization has figured out how to venture into the worldwide market. Coordinations and Transportation Passage has embraced an advanced transportation and circulation channels that attention on accomplishing supportability in its tasks. The produced vehicles arrive at the providers who thusly offer them to the customers. The coordinations and transportation have likewise made openings for work for a few people the world over. After the crude materials arrive at the plant, the assembling procedure happens after which the vehicles are moved to the providers and afterward to the market. Deals and Marketing Another basic stage in the Ford Company esteem chain is the deals and promoting. The firm has embraced measures with the point of guaranteeing viable deals in the worldwide market (Turnbull et, al, 2011). For instance, in 2013, the organization sold 6.33 million vehicles. As indicated by Ford, (2016), the expanding number of deals has made the firm to go up against creating car businesses on the planet. The firm is practically outperforming General Motors in regards to both yearly deals and income age. Utilization of Ford Products The firm has embraced measure planned for delivering excellent vehicles brands. The preferences and inclinations of the customers assume a pivotal job during the assembling procedure. In addition, the fuel utilization of the Ford vehicles is likewise maintainable. The customers, subsequently, don't go through a ton of cash buying the vehicles. The firm has additionally perceived the significance of creating naturally well disposed vehicles. The outflow of carbon iv oxide has been managed in this manner guaranteeing ecological preservation. The vehicles are reasonable and simple to use when contrasted with other car producing organizations, for example, Suzuki. End of Use Measures Passage Motor Company has executed measures and arrangements that have guided the administration of waste items. After the vehicle use, the organization helps in disassembling process just as starting the waste administration programs. The vehicle models can undoubtedly be reused and reused. The measure additionally helps in forestalling natural contamination. In the ongoing years, the organization has been anticipating manners by which it can create vehicles utilizing non-biodegradable crude materials (Pettinger, 2014). As per the 2014 maintainability report, ninety-five percent of Ford vehicles can experience reusing. The ecological bodies, for example, the United Nations Environmental Program have perceived the approaches of the organization that means to make an empowering situation. Assessment of the Companys Value Chain Passage Motor Company has received a far reaching esteem chain that has given it a higher upper hand than other car organizations. The workers, investors, clients, speculators and the administrators are completely associated with settling on urgent choices in regards to the worth chain. The measure has helped in moving the car organization to progress. The firm has additionally embraced powerful correspondence in which the clients interface with the organization. The worth chain, in this manner, has prompted the improvement of tasks just as the accomplishment of objectives and targets in the organization. Proposals on the Value Chain There are a few estimates that Ford Motor Company can embrace to improve the worth chain. For example, the organization should tailor the items towards the current needs and inclinations of the clients. Accentuation ought to be put on the arranging and planning stage in order to guarantee that the organization produces showcase situated engine vehicles. Additionally, the organization should upgrade the dispersion stage in order to encourage the proficient development of completed items to the market. End In synopsis, Ford Motor Company has received estimates that have made an empowering domain for vital utilizing of its tasks. Through actualizing a feasible worth chain, the global firm has figured out how to accomplish supportability (Hall, 2013). The organization has in this manner improved its worldwide activities through consequently getting perhaps the biggest dealer of top notch vehicle brands. References Currah, A. what's more, Wrigley, N.,( 2014). Systems of authoritative learning and adjustment in retail TNCs. Worldwide Networks, 4(1), pp.1-23. Passage (2016). Our Value Chain and its effect. Supportability Reports2013/14 Recovered from: https://corporate.ford.com/microsites/supportability report-2013-14/outline value.html Gulati, R., Huffman, S. what's more, Neilson, G., (2012). The barista rule: Global Enterprises and the ascent of social capital. System and Business, pp.58-69. Corridor, R., (2013). A system connecting impalpable assets and capacities to manageable upper hand. Vital administration diary, 14(8), pp.607-618. Kaplan, R.S. also, Norton, D.P.,( 2013). Changing the decent scorecard from execution estimation to vital administration: Part I. Bookkeeping skylines, 15(1), pp.87-104. Pettinger, L., (2014). Brand culture and marked specialists: Service work and stylish work in design retail. Utilization Markets Culture, 7(2), pp.165-184. Pilkington, A. (2012). Assembling system recaptured: proof for the death of best-practice. California the executives audit, 41(1), 31-42. Turnbull, P., Oliver, N., Wilkinson, B. (2011). Buyer?supplier relations in the UK?automotive business: Strategic ramifications of the Japanese assembling model. Vital Management Journal. 13(2), 159-168.

Adolescent Mental Health Facilities Essay Example For Students

Youthful Mental Health Facilities Essay Youthful Mental Health Facilities Essay A juvenile is characterized to be somebody who has experienced pubescence however has not yet arrived at full adulthood. This time ordinarily starts toward the beginning of center school. It is an exceptionally unpleasant time for most teenagers in light of the considerable number of changes going on around them. Not exclusively are they managing social anxieties, however things at home probably won't be okay. They might be beginning to utilize medicates, or much more dreadful they could be dependent as of now. Sexual weight additionally begins to turn into an increasingly visit stressor. These issues may not appear to be the apocalypse for grown-ups, however it can cause extreme harm truly and intellectually, to a pre-adult. An ever increasing number of youngsters are experiencing predicament that drive them to have mental disarranges. In outrageous cases setting off to an emotional well-being office or mental ward of a medical clinic is the best thing one could do to support these youths. The issue is that there are insufficient offices like that for high school victims. Increasingly youthful mental wards or psychological well-being offices should be fabricated exclusively for the mind-boggling number of youngsters with mental disarranges. The primary emotional well-being office in the United States opened in 1773 in Williamsburg, Virginia. By 1832 there were 32 offices, and those that were intellectually sick in prison and almshouses were being moved into these spots. In 1930 the US at long last settled a division assembled the Narcotics Division to welcome research on illicit drug use and metal ailment and how to forestall and treat both of these issues. During the 40s during World War II there was a deficiency of psychological wellness staff. It got so terrible that government move must be made. There was a proposition for a psychological wellness program and from that came the National Mental Health Act of 1946. After President Truman marked this demonstration a lot of cash was put towards the exploration and instruction of dysfunctional behaviors. All the cash and research lead to the establishing of the National Institute of Mental Health in 1949. Additionally in 1949 lithium was found to diminish the side effects of bipolar sickness, yet the FDA didn't endorse the medication until 1970. Congress approved the Mental Health Study Act of 1955. At that point in 1956 they likewise appropriated $12 million to the examination of psychopharmacology. In 1965 there was a significant improvement in emotional wellness care. The upgrades included, Construction and staffing awards to focuses were expanded and offices that served those with liquor and substance misuse issue were made qualified to get awards (Van Loon). Another award was additionally given to propel the exploration of childrens administrations. At that point in 1981 the Mental Health Study Act of 1955 was supplanted by the Alcohol, Drug, Abuse, and Mental Health square award. In June of 1999 President Clinton held a meeting on emotional well-being while the country anticipated the Surgeon Generals report on psychological well-being. At that point in October 2000 President Clinton marked the Childrens Health Act that, builds up national measures that limit the exercise of separation and self control in every single mental office that get government reserves (Van Loon). Directly President Bush is leading more research in what the country can improve emotional wellness offices. The way toward being admitted to a psychological well-being ward or medical clinic is the equivalent for teenagers and grown-ups. A potential patient goes to the crisis room. The individual may go on his own will or be brought there by the police since he is a danger to himself. The individual at that point gets all their crucial signs checked by the medical attendant. After that the emergency unit brings the individual into a room and a social laborer directs a meeting. The inquiries the individual in question pose are planned for deciding whether the individual is encounters the manifestations of a psychological sickness. .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde , .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .postImageUrl , .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde , .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:hover , .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:visited , .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:active { border:0!important; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:active , .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u23133d581d06850 c27fef67d66c1fdde .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u23133d581d06850c27fef67d66c1fdde:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: youngster misuse and lolita the film Essay According to Davis things the questioner needs to ask himself incorporate, Does this patient have the potential for self-hurt? Might this patient have a potential conceivably hurt oneself? In the event that self damage is conceivable what is simply the likelihood hurt, and what are the conditions, level of lethality and advent .

SIPA Summers Series Lotta Segerstrom COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Summers Series Lotta Segerstrom COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Im  excited to share with you some new content from our SIPA Stories website. Youve already read our  Week In The Life series, and now Im sharing with you excerpts about how our Seeple spend their summers. Every Friday this month youll read about the summer days of a different student. In this first edition, meet Lotta Segerstrom, MIA 15. Lotta  conducted research in Myanmar for  the Center on International Conflict Resolution. Below are a couple of photos from her time abroad. Hometown: Stockholm, Sweden Before SIPA: Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs Goals: Work on sustainable and responsible resource extraction in post-conflict societies. Summer Experience: ICR Practicum, Center on International Conflict Resolution Pyidaungsu Institute,  Yangdon and Dawei, Myanmar Click on each image for a larger view. #gallery-1 { clear: both; } #gallery-1 .gallery-item-wrapper { float: left; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 33.333333333333%; } #ie6 #gallery-1 .gallery-item-wrapper, #ie7 #gallery-1 .gallery-item-wrapper { width: 33%; } #gallery-1 .gallery-item { display: block; float: none; margin: 5px; width: auto !important; } #ie6 #gallery-1 .gallery-item { display: inline; } #gallery-1 .gallery-icon a { display: block; line-height: 0; } #gallery-1 img { width: 100% !important; max-width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; } #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { overflow: hidden; } #ie6 #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { word-wrap: break-word; } I traveled to Myanmar together with four other graduate student researchers to conduct research for SIPA’s Center for International Conflict Resolution.We worked with a Burmese peace research organization to carry out a study on how investments in natural resources impact conflict. Our case study was the Dawei Special Economic Zone (DSEZ), which is currently being constructed in southern Myanmar. The team spent five weeks in the southernmost region of Tanintharyi, where we undertook extensive field research, including over 70 interviews with farmers in remote villages, government officials, civil society actors, and private sector actors. Without a doubt, the best part of the whole practicum in Myanmar was the opportunity to visit isolated villages and interview farmers about their experiences. Their accounts of what it was like to see foreign investors appear unannounced on their land deeply affected the whole team. Flipflops and umbrellas are essential accessories wherever you go in Myanmar. This girl wanted to join the focus group discussion and had no problem climbing up the ladder. Read more about  Lottas summer here.

The Deadly Duel Of Baron Von Instetten And Major Crampas

The Deadly Duel Baron von Instetten and Major Crampas The Prussian town of Kessin was left in shock over the unexpected duel of Baron von Instetten and Major Crampas. This duel took place over the issue of an affair in which the wife of Baron von Instetten, Effi Briest, had with Major Crampas. Baron von Instetten was â€Å"a man of character, position and sound morality.† (Effi Briest, Chapter 2). He was an ambitious civil servant who was highly respected by the people around him. Major Crampas, on the other hand, was the total contrast of Baron von Instetten. He was â€Å"a man who has had many affairs, a ladies’ man.† (Effi Briest, Chapter 13). He disregarded rules and regulations and considered them a bore. It all started when Baron von Instetten marry Effi Briest. At the time of their marriage Instetten was thirty-eight years old while Effi was only seventeen. Instetten was already a senior civil servant responsible for the large rural district of Kessin. Even though at the time Effi was only seventeen, she was already conditioned with the social and cultural expectations around her to marry such a distinguished man as Instetten. Being the free young girl that she was, Effi could not conform to the social and cultural expectations put on her as the wife of Instetten. She could not deny herself and her playful personality. No matter how hard Effi tried, she realized day in and day out that she was unhappy. Her ambition might be fulfilled, but her desire for fun was never met.

Coca Cola s Social Environment, Strategic And Economic...

Coca-cola Hellenic Case Study â€Å"Social Environment, Strategic and Economic Component† 1. Executive summary Coca-Cola is a largest beverage company in the globe, which is the four of the world’s top five non-alcoholic sparkling beverage brands. Most time Coca-Cola tries every effort in developing, expanding products and also building the relationships with national and international stakeholders. Partnerships comprises of consumers, suppliers, government, NGOs and communities. These members underpin the company development and play a significant role in sustainable development. This report also identifies the GRI involvement of Coca-Cola Hellenic in which it implements and supports UN Global Compact; Positive results of financial†¦show more content†¦This is because it comprises of three categories such as Stakeholder (Constituencies); Stakewatcher (Pressure Group); and Stakekeeper (Regulators). Stakeholder (Constituencies) ïÆ'Ëœ Employees Workers are viewed as the cornerstone of the organization. They are continually given training, their worries were dealt with in request to manufacture dedication and wellbeing measures are placed set up to give them with safe workplace. The representatives worries were heard through laborers union. ïÆ'Ëœ Customers The organization framed dialog stages where clients are given chances to have say and accordingly take part in choice making component. The wholesalers are given general trainings on the most proficient method to enhance market requirement fulfillment. As per 2011 Yearly Report of Coca-Cola CCI, costumer fulfillment for 2010 was 77.5 for every penny. ïÆ'Ëœ Suppliers Captivate suppliers in creation of bundling materials that are earth manageable and financially suitable for the suppliers. The company is empowering the suppliers to have entry to cutting edge innovation. Coca-Cola additionally works together with the suppliers to offer assistance them with vitality effective and atmosphere security activities. This would help the suppliers to decrease their carbon discharge. ïÆ'Ëœ Consumers According to the annual report 2011, coca-cola was expecting to make deals point with consumers from where purchasers would get all data about the affiliation and its things. The affiliation has aShow MoreRelatedCoca Col The Largest Beverage Company1624 Words   |  7 PagesCoca-Cola has capitalized on the rapidly expanding beverage industry in the United States and has successfully infiltrated the gobal market where 70% of its revenue is reported. This journey into globalization has the company viewed as the largest beverage company in the world. In 2011, Business Insider reported that 3.1% of beverages consumed around the world is a product of Coca-Cola and/or its subsidaries. 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To position a product effectively, company must apply the right communications and integrate them. It is vital that marketing communication mix responds to competitive environment, therefore, Porter’s five competitive forces could be used to evaluate firms competitive positioning. In addition, Porter’s generic strategy grid can be applied to a product. He called the generic strategies ‘cost leadership’, ‘differentiation’

A Passage to India A Few Observations Free Essays

Edward Morgan Forster, a liberal humanist in his outlook ,shows in his novel A Passage to India the British imposing their order on this kaleidoscope of India . He also suggests   that theirs is an order that is unnatural , lacking in imaginative understanding of the Indian context. In their dealings with the Indians , the British as a class ,operate only at the level of political and social duty. We will write a custom essay sample on A Passage to India: A Few Observations or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words their relationships with the Indians are those of the political and social roles they play. Ronny Heaslop puts the case of the British rulers when he says, â€Å"We are out here to do justice and keep the peace..We are not pleasant in India and we don’t intend to be pleasant. We’ve something more important to do.†In so far as the fact goes , this is a convincing description of the venal and shifty ways of Indians in their contacts with the British.But all these flaws, Forster takes pains to show are the effects of the humiliating and undignified rule of the British over the Indians. Unlike other critics of British rule, Forster does not question the right of the British to be in India. His main objection is that it is an order of force and will , not of love and understanding.   Mr. Fielding in many ways appears to resemble E.M.Forster.†The world he believed ,is a globe of men who are trying to reach one another and can best do so by the help of goodwill plus culture and intelligence.†Dr. Aziz who has suffered numerous slights and humiliations from the British , now at last feels that Fielding is a true friend of the Indians: â€Å"No Englishman understands us except Mr. Fielding.†   The very first scene , where Dr. Aziz throws down his bicycle and enters a bitterly jocular discussion of â€Å"Is it possible to be friends with an Englishman?†, presents him as an animated, warm, impulsive, moody and somewhat childlike ,careless and sensitive gentleman. Sometimes he is kind, sometimes he is vindictive especially when he clamps brutal and revengeful demands upon hapless Adela after his release. Aziz, in MOSQUE section is somewhat conservative about his views on Islam.Lionel Trilling is right to say of him, â€Å"For good or bad he is human.† Adela Quested , right from the beginning ,is intelligent, intellectual, eager to understand new things and experiences:†She goes on,†Fielding says, â€Å"as if she’s at a lecture—trying hard to understand India and life and occasionally taking a note.†She cannot tolerate prejudice and borrowed opinions and feels indignant at the English for being so ruthless in their treatment with the native Indians. But Adela in her own opinion is as follows, â€Å"I can do his right and that right but when they are put together they come wrong.That’s the defect of my character.†   E.M.Forster has manifold messages to disseminate, but the main is to deal with the Indians in an amiable humanistic way.    The significance of the title of the first section is that like the ambience in the sanctum sanctorum [Mosque]it imbues the dialectic of positive affirmation.    How to cite A Passage to India: A Few Observations, Essays

Analysis Of Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi Essay There are many different influences in the world today; a big one that most people in the world face is religion. Religion is an influence that people first encounter during their childhood. They grow and learn to have faith. People’s perspective on religion is affected by their culture, their family and the events they witness during childhood. Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi is the story of a young girl growing up in Iran, during the Islamic Revolution, and the war with Iraq. Throughout the novel religion develops along with the plot, in good and bad ways. In the story Marji loses her faith and it changes who she is, religion also changed her lifestyle by the government putting religion into the law. Religion is a topic that people label as vast and confusing, however, Satrapi tells this story of religion through the eyes of a child. This creates a unique perspective that readers can relate to. In Persepolis, Satrapi portrays different perspectives of religion. She shows how religion is interpreted in positive and negative ways by her use of her perspective as a child, first hand experience, and by showing how religion can corrupt politics. As a child, Marji believes in God. She says, â€Å"I was born with religion† (pg 6). Unlike other children, Marji wants to be a prophet when she is older. This idea is not normal for a child or anyone under the Muslim religion since prophets have always been men. Her classmates laugh at her dream of becoming a prophet and her teacher speaks to her parents, but Marji stays true to her passion. Marji believes religion should be used to create good things and change anything bad. Growing up, Marji doesn’t understand why her maid cannot eat at the dinner table with her family or why her friends do not . .wing into adulthood and how her innocent view on life can be changed because of the place she lives. As a child, Marji does not demonize the Muslim religion like others do. This perspective of religion drastically changes as the Islam Regime takes over and religion is used for horrible things. The perspective of a child is important because it shows how without any previous ideas about religion, someone can see how it can be used for good. Satrapi tells her unique story to show the significance of religion in cultures. She shows how important it is to separate religion and state. This concept is still prominent today as people fight for their freedom from religion. Satrapi weaves a memoir that reflects the thoughts of a child on topics that are complex. The simplicity of a child shows how simple the topics can be and how religion can be used for good instead of evil.

Anthroplogy essays

Anthroplogy essays The face thats changing a thousand minds National Geographic, August 2002: New skull finds. Dmanisi is a republic named Georgia, Its located in south west Asia between the Black sea and The Caspian Sea. Its located at the same latitude as Italy. 1.75 million Years ago when the Black and Caspian thought to be connected, were part of an ocean. Making this land very lush and livable. Homo habilis thought to be part of the footsteps out of Africa for man kind (and even possibly racial tensions in todays Middle East). An animal living 2.4 to 1.6 million years ago. Relatively half the body size of a modern man and also brain size to body ratio was about half. I am not sure whether to believe the brain size to body ratio theory. Homo Habilis were users of Oldowan tools. Consisting of choppers and cutters limited tool sophistications relatively speaking. Having smaller bodies and longer arms, lower centers of gravity, Homo habilis are guessed to be better suited for arboreal life. Very muscular and strong in characteristics. Homo habilis was a creature mastering diversity. In the shade swinging through the trees and also traveling distances in the sun by foot. Not excellent at one but proficient at both. Recently in Dmanisi a skull was found, a 1.75 million year-old pioneer, found last year beneath the ruins of a medieval town called Dmanisi in the republic of Georgia, had a tiny brainnot nearly the size scientists thought our ancestors needed to migrate into a new land (NG). I have a theory that intelligence is like two rubber bands of unequal length. One large and one small both have the capacity to stretch to equal lengths, but the large one always has the ability to stretch much more, but in some cases the larger band can become shorter then the short band. When I ask my self where I get my intelligence, my first thought is learned intelligence. I have the capa...

Summary of the Movie Happiness (1998) †Film Essay

Summary of the Movie Happiness (1998) – Film Essay Free Online Research Papers Summary of the Movie Happiness (1998) Film Essay The existence of the wound culture is demonstrated in Happiness, though the characters affected by it are not always willing participants. Bill Maplewood is presented in all ways as anything but your regular violent, or in his case abusive, criminal. He does not commit these violent acts to reflect himself, as Seltzer puts it â€Å"killing [as] a form of self-killing† , but to somehow discover the happiness that he is denied by society. He enters the wound culture, though he doesn’t want to, and his private desire crosses the divide into the public sphere when his crimes are revealed, and his house is spray-painted. Bill’s victims are protected by unconsciousness, and Johnny Grasso is unaware that he is a victim of rape, and trauma, until his father, Joe, announces that he has been â€Å"fucking raped†. His patriarchal dominance is unsettling, and Joe is not a very likable character. His attitude towards his son, believing him to be a â€Å"fag†, seems to push Johnny towards the apparent loving father-figure of his friend, Billy. Bill Maplewood is displacing his desire for his son, who he admits he would â€Å"jerk off† over instead of fucking. Also, Bill is acting as a father-figure for Johnny, who clearly wants to impress him, even if it is only by eating a sandwich. This betrayal of a son’s trust makes the crim e all the more abhorrent to the audience, but Solondz creates a situation where, through the flattening of affect in regards to Bill, we actually want Johnny to eat the sandwich and for Bill to get what he desires. The father-son relationship is further demonstrated in by far the most unsettling scene when Johnny says that Bill is â€Å"cool† as he is being driven home. Bill places a reassuring arm around him which, because of our knowledge of the previous night’s events, we see as something more sinister than just comforting. Though the characters in happiness become a part of the wound culture, Solondz attempts to avoid engaging in it through the flattening of affect. As a paedophile, and the perpetrator of the crime, Bill is a subject of fascination in the â€Å"pathological public sphere†. However, our knowledge of his everyday life, his job and family, makes us react differently to him than we expect to. The violent acts he commits are not glorified or even shown, they are merely implied. Solondz has said in a society that would simply: â€Å"pull the switch†¦you have to know what you are annihilating, and that for all the horror there is still a life there†. There is a definite sense of tragedy to the character of Bill Maplewood; he is not merely the sex criminal, reduced to less than human in the pathological public sphere. Though not necessarily asking the audience to sympathise with Bill’s actions, Solondz challenges us to consider that the pursuit of happiness is not always socially acceptable. American culture is obsessed with this pursuit, as it is marked out in their constitution. In reality only those who are not, as Trish says in inverted commas, ‘depressed’, and who seek happiness from the usual places, family, house, money, consumer goods, can engage in its pursuit. Far from being pleased with his crimes, Bill feels that he is â€Å"sick†, though Trish understands this as being only superficial and advises him to â€Å"take some Tylenol, you’ll feel better tomorrow†. – cure culture, aesthetic health, face value, Trish is happy happy joy joy, Joy is unhappy (), they toast to happi ness at the end but each of them are not happy at all. Solondz’s depression creates this world his mind operates outside of the get-well system. Prozac Americans. Helen is the one character in the film who desires to enter into the wound culture. She longs for the kind of experience that will bring â€Å"authenticity† to her work. Though we get the sense that her work is acclaimed, at least in literary circles, she feels empty because she lacks any real knowledge of the subject of her writing, which in this case is rape. Her work is already appealing to the â€Å"strange attraction† of the wound in American culture , but Helen wants to be focus of this attraction, not just her work. She begs Allen to â€Å"fuck her† because she believes that she wants to be raped. The idea is lost when she discovers who the object of her desire is, and Solondz utilizes the too-long shot to make an uncomfortable scene unbearable when she tells Allen â€Å"you’re not my type†. Even after this she still seeks to identify with Kristina, whose crime â€Å"we can all relate to†. Helen sees somehow that this experience will b ring her a form of cultural capital in that being part of the wound culture, and a victim of trauma, she has a license to write, and be an authority on, the subject. Solondz shows this to be a foolish desire because those who are actually a part of the wound culture do not want to be. Johnny is an unknowing trauma victim until his father announces it. Kristina, whose rape occurs in Helen’s building no less, does not want to be a victim and commits her â€Å"crime of passion† to deny her part in the wound culture. In his essay Perchance to Dream, Franzen also addresses this question of the cultural capital in trauma or experience but relates it to depression. He sees depression as being â€Å"fashionable to the point of banality† and that to be depressed is only one of two options in a â€Å"binary culture†, in which â€Å"you’re either healthy or you’re sick†. Franzen divides society between the depressive, the artist with cultural capital, and the â€Å"shiny, happy people† . However, he does not want to write a novel that necessarily falls on either side of this divide, and rather in searching for a reason finds that he wants to write â€Å"for the fun and entertainment of it†. Still we see the pressure that he feels to write a novel that is not a â€Å"vapid, predictable and badly written† bestseller, retains cultural capital and appeals to the isolated literary community. Franzen identifies and wants to connect with the â€Å"soc ial isolates† that tend to make up the community of readership for the kind of novel that he wants to write. His balancing act between healthy and sick is reflected in the Corrections, where nearly all of the main characters battle with some form of depression. Chip is the most representative of Franzen’s own attitude that the depressive is somehow not included in mainstream society, and that the culture that defines certain mindsets as sick or diseased is â€Å"flawed†. He questions the idea of the individual and whether â€Å"enhancement technologies† , drugs like Prozac or Ritalin, really allow a person to be themselves, and whether they were really sick in the first place. In this way he represents anti-depressants as a kind of flattening of affect, which we see most clearly in Enid when she takes her Aslan pills. Franzen shows the doctor who gives her the drugs to be little more than a dope pusher, who does not properly warn her about the dangers. Also, Enid is concerned about a drug that makes â€Å"everybody the same†, just as Franzen is, but Dr Hibbard assures her that even if â€Å"Aslan does make us a little more alike†¦we’re all still individuals†(Corrections, pp.372-3). Enid’s reaction to the drug is that everything seems a bit easier but she also appears to be detached from her surroundings. She is feeling â€Å"unprecedentedly calm†(Corrections p.389) as she watches Alfred fall from their cruise ship, and her reaction is not only unexpected but completely out-of-character for the Enid that we have been introduced to in the novel. By using this flattening of affect, Franzen is able to demonstrate his attitude towards these types of drugs and the attitude that any unhappiness or instability is merely a sickness that can be cured. It is not a cure but a homogenization of people and the removal of any abstract thought from people’s mind. Franzen says: â€Å"†¦the invitation to leave your depression behind, whether through medication or therapy, or effort of will, seems like an invitation to turn your back on all your dark insights into the corruption and infantilism and self-delusion of the brave new McWorld† Research Papers on Summary of the Movie Happiness (1998) - Film EssayCapital PunishmentNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andWhere Wild and West Meet19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay

Anishinaabe Tribe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Anishinaabe Tribe - Essay Example In addition, it fuels feelings of animosity and hatred among people that are to co-exist mutually, helping each other in times of need. This paper examines a fishing controversy that has happened between two tribes in the Spear fishing Walleye in Wisconsin, stressing on the importance of the Lac Du Flambeau, an Ojibwe person to spear fish in the Valley, without necessarily having to seek permission from the Wisconsin Authorities. The fishes existing in the Walleye Valley are meant for economic and social use by the natives of this place. These people are meant to be the custodians of the river and the resources in it, and ensure that they exploit them for their welfare. In this case, they are mandated to use them for food, as well as important products for sale in the market in order to improve their economic welfare. As a native Ojibwe resident, it is important to note that this valley existed from time immemorial, where our ancestors used it for their economic lives. They would fish in this river to get food for their stomachs as well as sold some to advance their economic welfare. During this time, the ancestors did not have to get permission from authorities in order to use and manage these resources; they were motivated by their conscience to take good care of these resources for the welfare of the future generations. The conservation and management practices used by ancestors have been passed on the succeeding generations. This is something that should prompt the Wisconsin authorities to understand that the natives of Walleye in Wisconsin have the capacity to conserve and manage the fishing grounds and exploit them for their economic and social gains. In this case, they should be allowed to go on with spear fishing in the valley without having to worry that the resource will be misused. Another important consideration in allowing the Ojibwe people to spear fish in their traditional way is that this fishing style is does not lead to

Issues in Multicultural Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Issues in Multicultural Education - Essay Example For instance, cultural diversity in the US public schools is growing at rapid pace in the present decade. As a result, the teachers are facing intense problem to deliver education facilities to a culturally diverse classroom. A common problem identified by teachers in this context is the successful understanding of the needs of the each diverse student and providing education assistance effectively. As argued by Fullan (1991), the teachers should be capable of understanding the uniqueness of each student and successfully control the diversities to improve the students both academically as well as behaviorally within a diverse classroom. (2) Who is involved? (A) As part of the problem? The problem of cultural diversity in the classroom is especially faced by students and teachers, which result in poor performance of the learners in their curriculum. Generally teachers and students face significant problems to convey the intended information to each other, which in turn causes significant miscommunication problems. Additionally, differences between the cultural backgrounds of the students and the teachers, also raises the proper identification of students’ values (Worrell, n.d.). ... (3) What is the proposed solution? Identifying the Key Student Differences Each student in the classroom is unique in relation to their behavioral traits, learning capabilities and styles, feelings as well as responsiveness. These distinctive parameters for any specified child becomes more apparent in a diverse environment. Therefore, teachers should be capable to meet successfully with the ‘point of need’ of every child to provide efficient guidance as per their requirements (Worrell, n.d.). In this regard, lessening the teacher and student ratio within a classroom setting shall provide with greater opportunity to teachers in monitoring the needs of every student distinctively and more critically. Improve Co-Relation with the Students’ Families For the better understanding of the students’ societal and cultural background, the school authorities should increase communication with the students’ parents or legal guardians. This method undoubtedly woul d support the teachers to understand the background of the student and modify the teaching process accordingly (Worrell, n.d.). Introduce School-Wide â€Å"Cultural† Alliance Effective communication among the students of several cultures along with successful collaboration through cultural programs and activities shall assist teachers to meet the requirements of the both ends (London, Gurantz & Norman, 2011). Culturally Responsive Teaching Method To enhance cultural responsiveness throughout the teaching method, teachers should be research oriented for better understanding of the capabilities of each student. Teachers should be capable to identify the deficiencies and also the

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process management is important for both existing and new businesses. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. It is a set of inter-related tasks that help companies maximize their present business processes and cope with future operational and organizational changes. An efficient business process saves and makes money for an organization. Workflow, in its very basic sense, is an implementation of the answers to the questions that arise in a business process. Workflow answers the questions, who? What? And When? in a business process. It is the movement of documents or tasks through a work process. Business process workflow management is an essential element in organizing a variety of business tasks and processes so that the business can be benefited as a whole. Workflow management systems range from the basic activities of a business to thousands of complex features. Workflow management helps business managers perform a lot of varying functions depending on the needs of the organization. Different businesses have different workflow management needs to perform varied functions for them. Some businesses need workflow management for organizing data available on the net; some need them for managing various business transactions whereas some need them for organizing and segregating all the documents of an enterprise. Workflow management is helpful to all kinds of business irrespective of their size. It helps them define and spot various processes that will help increase efficiency in the long run. Business process workflow management helps to define, create, execute and manage various processes within the organization itself and enhance business-to-business transactions to maximize productivity. It facilitates changes in the enterprise that are needed for its betterment and maximization of output and profits in the minimum time possible. It also helps an organization in spotting existing inefficiencies by keeping a constant check on their employees productivity. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process management is implemented to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of an enterprise by automating its business processes. The key factor involved in choosing a BPM solution is to choose one that will fit the organization in all situations, as conditions governing a business tend to change with fluctuations in market conditions. It is not feasible for an organization to change its BPM as and when situations change. Business re-engineering can mean serious trouble especially when applied by people who do not understand it. There are examples of thousands of organizations that were running into losses but subsequently, achieved remarkable profits due to well-managed BPM projects. The key to the success of these companies lay in applying BPM to their key business processes. Business process management journals play a key role in making businessmen aware of the prevailing business conditions and how to adapt to these changes by applying the right re-engineering and pro cess change projects. BPM journals are the premium channel for beginners, practitioners and researchers to acquire leading edge information related to current developments in BPM concepts, practices, tools and technologies. It is a helping aid for students studying BPM related areas and consultants who assist organizations in managing processes. They also provide useful articles that focus on quality and relevance. BPM journals provide information about developing business process management programs. They carry articles on a number of business activities that affect business efficiency and effectiveness. It provides information on integration and management of various activities that help in having an edge over the competitors. Occasionally, there exists a gap in understanding how to drive efficiency through a BPM approach even though one knows how to manage the various transactions. BPM journals help understanding the various BPM functions and helps filling up the gaps for true business performance. Some BPM journals provide insights into best practice management of key processes. These journals maintain a constant up date of all advancements made in the business field and illustrating the practical applicability of these through various case studies and examples. They also provide tips on how to manage business processes most effectively. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process management focuses on the automation and standardization of existing and future business processes. BPM is the key to maximizing an organizations revenue, quality and respond to customers needs in real time by reducing business process problems. BPM tools and techniques have been steadily gaining in popularity and use in many companies. In todays global business environment, the need for automation of various business processes, continuous innovation and flexibility is turning many enterprises to go for BPM. BPM software helps in understanding and simplifying the complex process of business management. It helps in recognizing the various sources of inefficiencies in a company. There are a few key factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting BPM software. One of these factors is the extent of technical support provided by the vendor. To avoid any technical hassles at a later stage, it is essential to speak with the customer care center of the software company before choosing the BPM software solution. This should be done considering the needs and requirements of the business. BPM software that fits in with a companys business needs to be determined before choosing a BPM software solution. The same software does not suit all kinds of businesses. Familiarity with the software installed is of utmost importance. Sufficient time should be given to this activity of getting trained in using the software. BPM software with features that are not used is an absolute waste of resources and time because the main purpose of BPM software is using minimum time and money and maximizing profit in the long run. Several magazines and reviews are available online to give valuable information regarding BPM software solutions. BPM software offers advantages of flexibility and cost savings across all fields of business and ease of use in the business world today. The objective should be to ensure quick return on investment and potential for long-term growth. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) helps an organization in adapting to changing conditions in the market place so as to remain competitive. BPM is also known as Business Process Reengineering. A well designed BPM system can help an enterprise run efficiently and effectively, move according to the companys regulations, and spot inefficiencies in the business activities and bottlenecks to the smooth flow of work. BPM systems help in recognizing certain situations that may pose trouble in the future. They enhance the overall quality and quantity of the various services and products being provided by the organization. BPM can be extremely useful to employees and top managers of an enterprise. It assists the top executives in monitoring business activities and employee productivity. It is helpful to the employees as it reduces their working hours. It also helps an organization in abiding by the governmental rules and regulations set for the business world. A good BPM helps an organization in avoiding the mistakes it has made in the past. It helps in business-to-business transactions. There are a lot of BPM guides available which can direct an enterprise towards the right choice of BPM so that it can make maximum use of all the benefits of BPM. These guides help in understanding various BPM systems that can be employed according to the needs and requirements of different companies. It shows how maximum profits can be obtained out of limited resources. The changing situation of business is the key factor to be considered while choosing a BPM system. BPM system should be useful in all situations, which affect the business. This is because the system cannot be changed as when the market conditions change. The efficiency of the company would be adversely affected if BPM systems were not changed in accordance with changing circumstances. BPM technologies increase an enterprises potential to offer quality services to its valued customers at the least cost. .

Multicultural Education

This article is a response to a journal entry of a young person view on Multicultural Education in America. This article will have some similarly views and also different view on the education of your young people that is shared with the person who wrote the journal entry. Multicultural Education Only in America can someone have a strong opinion about how we should all be like in there eyes, even when we talk the same, dress the same and live in American but that is as far as it goes. Multicultural Education is unique in many ways and this type of education help build bridges that help young people excel in school and beyond. I agree that we do live in the same country, speak the language, eat the food, and do the entire thing Americans do. I also agree with is statement on the responsibility to teach to the best of there abilities to help students, as educators that it is our job to help student achieve success in school so they can be productive citizens. My assumption of this article is that the students has only seen one part of America and does not see that there are many different cultural and race that make education unique and that this make our students special. I disagree with many of the statement in the journal entry is that he is not concern with cultural or diversity. Every school around the country is divisive and each student is unique in their own special way, each student has different learning style and come from different ethic background. Cultural and Diversity One of the most important concept in teaching that the child come first not matter what cultural or diverse background they come from. As educators we ust focus our attention to the needs of the student because it they are not going to our school we as educators will not have the luxury of paying our bills, feeding our families and do the things we want to do. The focus of education need to reflect the needs of every student and cultural is another part of which this student is and by learning more about who they are we as educators will learn new ways to become effective teachers by listening to their needs. Every child is different and unique, they come many different cu ltural and different background and they each need special attention to how they learn. The diversity in education is also important because students learn better from teachers with similar language background and can relate to them in a special way. For example I can use my native language to explain a concept to my struggling students and make a connection using tools or strategies to help them understand the context. There are many example of how diversity the classroom breeds successes among students, and studies have shown that students learn well in small groups when they share their culture with one another. The important of preserving the cultural in education is very prevalent on the Navajo Nation, we have many different ways we are sharing our cultural with our native students through books, CDs, and many other ways that we share and teach them about the past and present ways of life. It is important to share your cultural with other people just so that they can learn from your people and create an understanding among people and how they live. This help reduces many misconception about different cultural and this help build a bridge of understanding between two people. Another good example of sharing our cultural at the beginning of each school year all new Anglo or African American teacher comes to our school district they experience a one week crash course on what life is like on the Navajo Reservation by having the spend several days and nights with a family in the remote desert of Arizona. They experience life with out electricity, running water and technology as well as share the experience of herding sheep or cattle, butching a sheep or farming crops. This experience for the young teacher is to show them what life is like for our young Navajo students. In Tucson, Arizona there is an elementary school does something similar with their teachers by allowing the new teachers to meet the families of their students at there home and spend sometime getting to know each other. This is helpful because the teacher become part of the family and the students relate better to the teacher, and the student is successful in with there education. There are many other example of how diversity and cultural is used in education to help student become successful in school. Cultural and diversity are interchangeable aspect of education and both complement one another, and can’t have one without the other one. Cultural aspect of education shape our mind and thinking beyond what is being taught at school and diversity is making the connection to who you are as a person drawing from experience and background. The importance of both cultural and diversity is to keep the past alive through stories and books, but to keep traditional alive for people come from different backgrounds and help build a bridge of understanding between two different people and this help the teachers to understand their students. In education the main focus is the students not matter what cultural or diverse background they come from we as educators should do our best to educate them, because they will be our future leaders of this great country called America.

To What Extent do Western Concepts of Ill-Health Limit Policies and Projects Aimed at Improving the Health of Those in the Developing World

Executive Summary Current health policies on malnutrition and HIV infection are focused in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of the United Nations. Specifically, these goals include reduction of malnutrition incidence since 1990 by 50% and reversal in the trend of HIV epidemic by 2015. This essay aims to critically analyse these two policies in achieving their respective aims and objectives and the factors that contribute to the success of these policies. A brief discussion on the Western concepts of ill-health and how these relate to the concepts of ill-health in developing countries is also made. Results of the analysis show that engaging communities and allowing them to take ownership of strategies to prevent malnutrition is effective in reducing incidence of malnutrition. The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) campaign illustrates how developing countries could positively respond to healthcare policies introduced by developed countries. However, not all developing countries are nearing or have achieved the 50% reduction in malnutrition incidence. Lack of community involvement has been shown to affect the progress of the SUN campaign. The same principle of community-based interventions is also used on the policy for HIV infection. Success rate for HIV policy is high with millions of affected individuals accessing healthcare services compared to only 400,000 in 2004. This would show that policies to increase treatment have succeeded. However, prevention of HIV infection remains challenging. Analysis would show that engaging in risky sexual behaviour is a critical factor in developing HIV infection in Sub-Saharan Africa. Changing the behaviour of a target population is established to be difficult. While community-based interventions and participation have contributed to the success of these policies, analysis would reveal that there is a need to increase the technical competencies of the stakeholders in the communities. This would ensure sustainability of programmes long after external aid has stopped. The differences in the concepts of ill-health also appear to influence the success of policies in developing nations. It is also argued that achieving all the aims and objectives of the policies might not necessarily solve the problem of malnutrition and HIV infection. Both conditions have multiple underlying causes and addressing all these would take considerable time and effort. In conclusion, policies have made great strides in improving nutrition of children and mothers and decreasing the incidence of HIV infection. Concerted effort from various stakeholders is still needed to make changes sustainable. Introduction The main aim of this brief is to critically analyse the policies, ‘Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition in Developing Countries’ (Department for International Development, 2013) and the global policy on HIV/AIDS Epidemic (KFF, 2013). Both healthcare policies are designed to improve the health and well-being of mothers and young children and those suffering from HIV/AIDS in developing countries. The first part describes these two policies while the second part discusses the Western concepts of ill health and how these limit policies and projects aimed at developing countries. The third part provides a theoretical assessment of the policies. A discussion on the underlying assumptions and views of healthcare in terms of belief structures and philosophy will be included. The fourth part presents the practical problems with implementation. Finally, a conclusion will summarise the main points raised in this essay. Recommendations will also be made at the end of this brief. Policies on Malnutrition and HIV/AIDS The ‘Reducing Hunger and Malnutrition in Developing Countries’ (Department for International Development, 2013) aims to help individuals gain access to nutritious diet, ensure that food is distributed fairly across the world and mitigate environmental risks and damages that could influence food production. In line with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the policy has set out several objectives that should be achieved by 2015. This includes reducing malnutrition since 1990 by 50%. Meanwhile, the ‘Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic’ policy (KFF, 2013) aims to stop and reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. This is consistent with the United Nation’s MDGs that by 2015, the HIV/AID epidemic will be controlled and incidence will decline. It is estimated that a total of 18.9 billion USD have funded HIV/AIDs preventive and treatment programmes in 2012 (KFF/UNAIDS, 2013). Although there is a global decrease in the trend of this epidemic, incidence of HIV/AIDS is still high in middle and low-income countries (UNAIDS, 2013). Most of those suffering from this health condition do not have access to healthcare services, treatment and management (UNAIDS, 2013). Importantly women and young girls are more susceptible of the infection compared to men (British HIV Association, 2012). Of the 35 million individuals believed to be suffering from the condition, 3.3 million of these are children (UNAIDS, 2013). Majority (71%) of persons living with HIV/AIDS reside in Sub-Saharan Africa (Health Protection Agency, 2012). The objectives of this policy include decreasing HIV prevalence amongst the young population aged 15-24 years; increase condom use especially in high-risk sex; increase the proportion of young people with correct knowledge on HIV/AIDs infection; and increase the proportion of individuals with advanced stages of the disease gain access to antiretroviral medications. Western Concept of Ill-Health Western concepts of ill-health could limit the policies on malnutrition and HIV/AIDS when introduced in developing nations. First, definitions of ‘ill-health’ could vary between Western and developing countries. There is variation in how ill-health is perceived even amongst professional, academic and the public (Wikman et al., 2005). Ill-health is also viewed differently across disciplines. For instance, the medical model of health has been accepted for several years in Western healthcare in the past (Wikman et al., 2005). This model states that ill-health is caused by pathogenic microorganisms or underlying pathologies (Dutta, 2008). However, even this concept has changed within healthcare systems. Today, many healthcare professionals have recognised that ill-health is not only caused by pathogenic organisms but social determinants of health such as poor nutrition, unemployment or stress could all influence ill-health (Dutta, 2008). Wikman et al. (2005) acknowledges tha t ill-health could be understood by using a multi-perspective approach. Concepts of ill-health are also considered as historically and culturally specific (Blas and Kurup, 2010). This means that ill-health varies across culture and time. For instance, in Western culture, obesity is considered as ill-health (Blas and Kurup, 2010). In other countries, obesity is viewed as socially acceptable since this is a sign of wealth. In Western culture, findings of scientific publications are used to underpin health policies against HIV (Bogart et al., 2011). Use of condoms to protect against HIV infection is viewed as acceptable. In some African countries, use of condoms is seen to reduce one’s masculinity (Willis, 2003; MacPhail and Campbell, 2001). Importantly, anal sex in some of these countries is practised to avoid pregnancy or viewed as a cleansing method against the virus for HIV/AIDS (Bogart and Bird, 2003). Hence, these differences in the concept of ill-health could influence the uptake of global health policies in developing nations. To illustrate t his argument, the policies on malnutrition and HIV/AIDS will be critiqued. A discussion how western concepts of ill health influence the uptake of these policies in the developing countries would also be done. Analysis and Discussion Attention on acute and chronic malnutrition is unprecedented in recent years (Shoham et al., 2013). The involvement of the UK, through its policy for malnutrition and hunger, with other countries in the scaling up nutrition (SUN) campaign has brought significant changes on the lives of children who are malnourished. The policy on malnutrition is underpinned by the philosophy on health equity and social determinants of health (Ezzati et al., 2003). Western concepts of ill-health focus on the social determinants of ill-health as a factor in promoting malnutrition in developing countries. For example, unemployment of parents, low levels of education, early years, poverty, homelessness are some social determinants of health strongly suggested to promote malnutrition amongst children (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2005). Uptake of policies for malnutrition in developing countries might be limited if these determinants are not properly addressed. Farmer (2003) explains that cultural beliefs on foo d, poor knowledge on the nutritional value of food and food production practices have long contributed to malnutrition in many countries. Policies on malnutrition might no be effective if these do not address the root causes of malnutrition, which are poverty, poor knowledge on food nutrition and poor farming practices (Farmer, 2003). Power structure also plays a role in how policies are implemented. Farmer (2003) stresses that unless the poor are empowered and their rights protected would true development occur. In recent years, there have been improvements in the lives of the poor, specifically on nutrition status. Marmot and Wilkinson (2005) emphasise that presence of poverty and unemployment could all influence health. However, there is evidence that in some developing countries, malnutrition policies have gained success. An analysis would show that involvement of the community plays a crucial role in ensuring success of these policies. For example, Shoham et al. (2013) report that the community based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) approach contributed to its success in some 65 developing countries across the world. Communities are mobilised and they gain ownership of the programme. Individuals help in detecting uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and refer children to established out-patient centres. Complicated cases are referred as in-patients in the health sector staff. While the UNICEF (Nabarro, 2013) reported that 10% of the 20 million suspected cases of SAM have been treated through the scaling up nutrition campaign, other target countries have not kept up with the campaign. Policies that have gained acceptance in developing countries are those that empower communities to take actions for their own health. Empowering women through education has been shown to lead to more positive changes in the health of children ages 5 years old and below (Farmer, 2003). Policies that increase the educational levels of women were shown to reduce erroneous perceptions on the causes of malnutrition (Wikman et al., 2005). Shoham et al. (2013) observe that failure to implement the CMAM approach and educating women on malnutrition limits the success of malnutrition policies in communities. A number of studies (Bhutta, 2013; Black et al., 2013; Pinstrup-Andersen, 2013; Nabarro, 2013; Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005) have shown the effectiveness of engaging communities and empowering them to improve the nutritional status of women and children. While factors such as engaging communities and allowing them to take ownership of programmes have been shown to promote uptake of policies, there are still factors that limit policy uptake. These include failure to address the social determinants of health such as poverty, low levels of education, poor support of the children during early life years and unemployment (Loevinsohn and Harding, 2005). It has been shown that when these factors are present, malnutrition is also high (Pinstrup-Andersen, 2013). There is also a need to understand the perceptions of women and children on food and nutrition to better understand why malnutrition continue to exist in a number of developing countries. Meanwhile, the policy on HIV/AIDS also promote health by engaging communities in implementing projects aimed at preventing HIV transmission (KFF, 2013; British HIV Infection, 2012; Department for International Development, 2013). To date, HIV infection epidemic has stabilised and the number of individuals receiving treatment has increased to 9.7 million in 2012 (UNAIDS, 2013). In contrast, only 400,000 individuals with advanced HIV infection receive treatment in 2004. A closer analysis of the cause of HIV infection would still point to risky behaviours of those engaging in unprotected sex and injecting drug users as factors that promote HIV infection (KFF/UNAIDS, 2013). This is a cause of concern since there is still the prevailing cultural belief in a number of African countries that use of condom is unmanly (Willis, 2003; MacPhail and Campbell, 2001). Connolly et al. (2004) argue that changing behaviour of the target population is most difficult. Consequences of HIV infection extend to unborn children of mother infected with HIV (UNAIDS, 2013). To date, there have been various interventions to prevent HIV infection. These include behaviour changes, increase in HIV screening, male circumcision, use of condoms, harm reduction amongst in injecting drug users and blood supply safety (UNAIDS, 2013). Amongst these strategies, changing behaviour remains to be an important intervention that could prevent further spread of the virus. Experts suggest that risky sexual behaviour could only be changed through the use of different health models. For example, the health belief model could be used to inform the target population on the risk of HIV (Health Protection Agency, 2012). In addition, facilitators to behaviour change, such as decreasing stigma on HIV infection, increasing access to healthcare services could help individuals adopt less r isky sexual behaviour (Greeff et al., 2008). Patients with HIV often perceive stigma from their own healthcare workers (Kohi et al., 2006; Holzemer and Uys, 2004). This could impact not only the quality of care received by those with HIV infection but might also limit them from gaining further medical treatment. On the other hand, reducing malnutrition by 50% since 1990 has not been achieved in most countries yet (UNICEF, 2014). This is important since the United Nations aims to achieve this target by next year. Food production is continuously affected by stronger typhoons and turbulent weather patterns (KFF, 2013). Droughts appear to be longer, affecting agriculture and livestock production (KFF, 2013). Specifically, the UNICEF (2014) acknowledges that the most vulnerable groups to increasing weather disturbance brought by climate change are the poor people. This is especially challenging in the light of the MDGs since decreases in food production in developing countries could further have an impact on the nutritional status of the women and children (Bryce et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 2013). Climate change has important implications on policies for malnutrition. Even if community-based initiatives are strongly in place and individuals have learned to produce their own food, changes in weat her patterns could impact agriculture activities. The UNICEF (2014) has highlighted this issue and using current experiences, community rehabilitation after a typhoon or drought would mean increased challenges in addressing malnutrition amongst the poorest of the poor. Even if all objective are achieved, there is no full guarantee that malnutrition will be completely eradicated in developing nations. To date, there are best practices (SUN, 2013) showing that community involvement and partnership with government and non-government organisations could arrest severe acute and chronic malnutrition. A number of developing countries, especially in the Sub-Saharan Africa are still struggling with malnutrition despite external aid. The same observation is also made in this region on HIV infection where the poorest amongst the poor remain to be most vulnerable to the infection (SUN, 2013). Hence, it would be necessary to investigate the real cause of malnutrition and HIV infection in developing countries. There are multiple underlying causes of malnutrition and all interact to increase the risk of children for malnutrition. First, poverty has been highlighted earlier in this essay as an important factor for development of malnutrition (Horton and Lo, 2013). This essay also argues that maternal level of education is a significant factor in the nutrition of children (Black et al., 2013). The World Health Organization (2011) acknowledges that children born to mothers with at least a high school education enjoy better health compared to children with mothers who have lower educational levels. This observation is consistent across literature (UNICEF, 2014; Black et al, 2013) and illustrates the importance of increasing the education level of mothers. In Sub-Saharan countries that often experience conflicts, malnutrition is often caused by displacement of families and children from their homes and livelihood to evacuation centres with minimal food support (UNICEF, 2014). Apart from conflicts, recent effects of climate change have also changed the way developed countries respond to problems of food security (Taylor et al., 2013). As shown in the UK policy for hunger and malnutrition, funds are also directed to innovations and research on how to respond to environmental damages caused by climate change (UNICEF, 2014). It should be noted that changes in weather patterns, flooding and drought could have a great impact on food security and sustainability (Department for International Development, 2013). In comparison with the policy on HIV infection, the policy on hunger and malnutrition would have a greater impact on the health of the nation. It has been shown that improving nutrition during the first 1000 days of a child’s life could lead to better health outcomes, higher educational attainment and productivity later in adult life (Bhutta, 2013). Malnutrition during a child’s first two years of life could have irreversible effects on the child’s health (Bhutta, 2013). This could lead to stunting, cognitive impairment, early death and if the child reaches adulthood, difficulty in finding a job (Nabarro, 2013). The number of children and mothers suffering from malnutrition is also higher compared to individuals suffering from HIV infection. However, HIV infection could also have an impact on maternal and child health since infected mothers could transmit the virus to their unborn child (KFF, 2013). Women with HIV also suffer more stigma compared to their male co unterparts (Sandelowski et al., 2004). Recommendations and Conclusion In conclusion, the two policies discussed in this brief reveal strategies in preventing and treating malnutrition and HIV infection. Responses of developing countries to these strategies differ. Countries where communities are involved in the implementation of strategies are generally more successful in addressing these health problems. This would show that community involvement play a crucial role in the uptake of Western policies in developing countries. However, the lack of success in some countries might be attributed to the differences in the concept of ill-health between affluent and developing countries, socio-economic context of poor countries and difficulty in changing one’s health behaviour. Finally, this essay suggests that a more holistic approach should be taken in addressing the social determinants of health to ensure that children have access to nutritious food and HIV infection is prevented. References Bhutta, Z. (2013). ‘Early nutrition and adult outcomes: pieces of the puzzle [Online]. The Lancet, 382(9891), pp. 486-487. Black, R., Alderman, H., Bhutta, S., Gillespie, S., Haddad, L., Horton, S., Lartey, S., Mannar, V., Ruel, M., Victoria, C., Walker, S. & Webb, P. (2013). ‘Maternal and child nutrition: building momentum for impact’. The Lancet, 382(9890), pp. 372-375. Blas, E. & Kurup, A. (2010). Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Switzerland: World Health Organization. Bogart, L., Skinner, D., Weinhardt, L., Glasman, L., Sitzler, C., Toefy, Y. & Kalichman, S. (2011) ‘HIV misconceptions associated with condom use among black South Africans: an exploratory study’, African Journal of AIDS Research, 10(2), pp. 181-187. Bogart, L. & Bird, S. (2003) ‘Exploring the relationship of conspiracy beliefs about HIV/AIDS to sexual behaviours and attitudes among Afrian-American adults’, Journal of the National Medical Association, 95(11), pp. 1057-1065. British HIV Association (2012) Standards of care for people living with HIV in 2012, London: British HIV Association. Bryce, J., Coitinho, D., Darnton-Hill, I., Pelletier, D. & Pinstrup-Andersen, P. (2008). ‘Maternal and child undernutrition: effective action at national level’. The Lancet, 371(9611), pp. 510-526. Connolly, C., Colvin, M., Shishana, O. & Stoker, D. (2004) ‘Epidemiology of HIV in South Africa- results of a national, community-based survey’, South African Medical Journal, 94(9), pp. 776-781. Department for International Development (2013). Policy: Reducing Hunger and malnutrition in developing countries, London: UK Legislation [Online]. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/reducing-hunger-and-malnutrition-in-developing-countries (Accessed: 25th March, 2014). Dutta, M. (2008) Communicating health: A culture-centred approach, London: Polity Press. Ezzati, M., Vander, H., Rodgers, A., Lopez, A., Mathers, C. & Murray, C. (2003) ‘The comparative risk collaborating group. Estimates of global and regional potential health gains from reducing multiple major risk factors’, Lancet, 362, pp. 271-280. Farmer, P. (2003) Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the new war on the poor, Berkeley and Long Angeles: University of California Press. Greeff, M., Uys, L., Holzemer, W., Makoae, L., Dlamini, P., Kohi, T., Chirwa, M., Naidoo, J. & Phetlhu, R. (2008) ‘Experiences of HIV/AIDS Stigma of persons living with HIV/AIDS and nurses involved in their care from five African countries’, African Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, 10(1), pp. 78-108. Health Protection Agency (2012) HIV in the United Kingdom: 2012 Report. London: Health Protection Services, Colindale. Holzemer, W. & Uys, L. (2004) ‘Managing AIDS stigma’, Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 1(3), pp. 165-174. Horton, R. & Lo, S. (2013). ‘Nutrition: a quintessential sustainable development goal’, The Lancet, 382(9890), pp. 371-372. KFF/UNAIDS (2013). Financing the response to AIDS in low- and middle-income countries: International Assistance from Donor Governments in 2012. Washington: KFF/UNAIDS. KFF (2013). The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic [Online]. Available at: http://kff.org/global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hivaids-epidemic/#footnote-KFFUNAIDS (Accessed: 25th March, 2014). Kohi, T., Makoae, L., Chirwa, M., Hozemer, W., Phetlhu, D., Uys, L., Naidoo, J., Dlamini, P. & Greeff, M. (2006) ‘HIV and AIDS violates human rights in five African countries’, Nursing Ethics, 13(4), pp. 404-415. Loevinsohn, B. & Harding, A. (2005). ‘Buying resultsContracting for health service delivery in developing countries’. Lancet, 366(9486), pp. 676-681. MacPhail, C. & Campbell, C. (2001) ‘I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things’, Social Science & Medicine, 52(11), pp. 1613-1627. Marmot, M. & Wilkinson, R. (2005). Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nabarro, D. 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