Ec 301 midterm - 1167 Words

1. (7 points) How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? The re-election of the incumbent has been synonymous with low inflation and low un-employment. There has been only a few occasions where the results did not follow this norm 2. (7 points) Discuss the difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with the individual parts in the economy and how they relate to each other. Macroeconomics deals with the totals of these parts in our economy 3. (10 points) Use the concepts of gross and net investment to distinguish between an economy that has a rising stock of capital and one that has a falling stock of capital. â€Å"In 1933 net private domestic investment was†¦show more content†¦So .8 x tax cut = $5 billion or tax cut = $6.25 billion. Part of the tax reduction ($1.25 billion) is saved, not spent. One combination: a $1 billion increase in government spending and a $5 billion tax cut. 10. (7 points) What are government’s fiscal policy options for ending severe demand-pull inflation? Use the aggregate demand-aggregate supply model to show the impact of these policies on the price level. Which of these fiscal policy options do you think might be favored by a person who wants to preserve the size of government? A person who thinks the public sector is too large? Options are to reduce government spending, increase taxes, or some combination of both. If the price level is flexible downward, it will fall to meet supply. In reality government policy is concern with inflation not with lowering prices. Conservatives would call for cuts in government spending since this would reduce the size of government. A â€Å"liberal† would call for a tax hike to continue to fund government spending 11. (10 points) Explain why relatively flat as opposite relatively steep labor demand curves are more consistent with the empirical observation that there are relatively minor changes in the real wage rate over the course of the business cycle. If the labor demand curve was steep there would have to be a large change in the real wage rate in comparison to the nominal wage rate. This would also beShow MoreRelatedEc 301 Midterm Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesMidterm Intermediate Macroeconomics 1. How are presidential election outcomes related to the performance of the economy? Presidential elections and the economy have a very close relationship and they go together hand and hand. Usually when the economy is good and opinion of the government is positive, the incumbent or the party of the last president wins the election. People tend the lean towards why change a good thing. A couple of theories exist in the relationship of the economy and presidents

The U.S. Contained Communism in Vietnam - 1552 Words

In 1949, Mao Zedong led the Peoples Revolution, which established a Communist State in China. Communism has now been introduced to Asia. In this period, after World War II, Communism was a popular ideology being introduced throughout the world. Vietnam was one of the many countries under the threat of Communism. At this time, Vietnam was a French Colony. As time went on tension started to come between the French and the Vietnamese people. As tension increased so did the fighting between the French and The Vietnamese. Finally in 1954, The French decided that they could no longer withstand the revolts of the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese were now free of French rule. However, many problems still remained in Vietnam. After the war there was a†¦show more content†¦br brDwight Eisenhower, the President of the United States after Truman, wanted to support the South Vietnamese. At a news conference, Eisenhower stated, You have a row of dominoes set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is a certainty that it will go over very quickly. Eisenhower believed that if the United States didnt step to the aid of the South Vietnamese, they would fall to the Communist aggressions, as would the rest of Southeast Asia. President Eisenhower and his staff then started to set up a plan for the support of Vietnam. Eisenhowers secretary of State, John Dulles, was determined that the Americans could build up South Vietnam as a Barrier to Ho Chi Minh (Ho Chi Minh was the leader of the communist party in North Vietnam) and his Communist followers. br brThe Vietnam conflict changed when John F. Kennedy took the Presidential oath of office in 1961. Kennedy had long been interested in Vietnam. As a senator, he had visited the country in 1951. Like Truman and Eisenhower, Kennedy felt the United States needed to contain the spread of Communism. Kennedy wanted to take more military action against Communist rebels. When Kennedy took office there were only 900 American military advisors in Vietnam. Diems Army of the Republic of Vietnam (known as ARVN) numbered 200,000 men, opposing a Viet Cong guerrilla force of only 17,000 men. The ARVN seemed unable to stamp out the Viet Cong (Communist rebels).Show MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War Was The War Essay1611 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the1950s North Vietnam was controlled by the Viet Cong (a National Liberation Front.) The Viet Cong were bullying South Vietnam, trying to make them a communist. Most of society will not stand up for the weaker person in a bully situation. The United States is not most of society; they believe you mess with someone your own size. Many people have different views on the Vietnam War: was the war necessary, was the war worth all the sacrifices of American troops lives, what was the United StatesRead MoreThe Vietnam War Was The Biggest Failure Of The 20th Century1628 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War The Vietnam War is one of the most controversial wars the United States participated in. Communism in the 20th century, was a huge threat to the U.S. It become a priority of the U.S. to stop the spread of Communism. In the late 1940s, the French struggled to control its colonies in Indochina - Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos (history.state.gov). The U.S. saw that the French were struggling in south Vietnam so they decided to come and help France. They tried to support France and theRead MoreMarxism-Leninism in Vietnam Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesMarxism-Leninism in Vietnam In the region of Vietnam there had been many uprisings. All of these uprisings were for one reason, freedom. The Vietnamese were willing to accept Communism in return for what they had been fighting for over 2000 years: self rule. In 1950 the United States, owing a debt of gratitude towards France, sent several advisors to aid French control in Vietnam. Over the next decade and a half, the United States would send an entire Army and Navy to aid the French in maintainingRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis1149 Words   |  5 Pagestheir power towards the America’s. while in Vietnam they always had trouble keeping independence and now communism is splitting the North and South and causing a civil war. Both the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War illustrate the United States attempt to combat communism. The Cuban Missile Crisis in the prevention of a nuclear war. Whereas the Vietnam War ultimately curtailed the spread of communism. (CMC) During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S was trying to prevent a nuclear war, andRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of The Cold War1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vietnam war started as a U.S. strategy of authority in times of the cold war, which was directed to prevent the advancement of communism in the world. The War had begun in 1954, after the rise of power with Ho Chi Minh and his communist Viet Minh party in North Vietnam, and continued against the backdrop of an intense Cold War against the United States and the Soviet Union. More than 3 million people were killed, including 58,000 Americans. In 1975, communist forces took control of SaigonRead MoreVietnam : The Most Unpopular War1061 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history, Vietnam, was also the most unpopular war. It resulted in nearly 60,000 American deaths (www.digitalhistory.uh.com). Even today, many Americans still ask whether the American effort in Vietnam was a sin, blunder, a necessary war, or whether it is a noble caus e, or an idealistic, if failed, effort to protect the South Vietnamese from totalitarian government (www.digitalhistory.uh.com). The reason the United States got involved was to prevent the spread of communism. For centuries theRead MoreHow Do Foreign Affairs During Vietnam Justify Public Or Private Tactical Behavior?1633 Words   |  7 Pagesquestion: To what degree is torture valuable? How do foreign affairs in Vietnam justify public or private tactical behavior. T.S. Eliot: â€Å"There is no such thing as a Lost Cause, because there is no such thing as a Gained Cause.† Growth and power come paired with conflict and danger. The United States must use interrogation to ensure the safety of its citizens. A history of torture to get information is prominent between many nations, however the use of such interrogation is often kept private fromRead MoreThe Cold War Between The United States And The Soviet Union1268 Words   |  6 Pagesstrictly limit the spread of communism through containment, an idea formulated by US diplomat George Kennan, which became the basis of Harry Truman’s foreign policy. The containment policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam. The president’s initial step toward containment came in response to a British request to support both Turkey and Greece against the spread of communism. By requesting Con gressRead MoreWhat Was The Cold War?1726 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that the Cold War took place after the Vietnam War and ended a couple of years later and that nothing happened during that time frame except for maybe a few threats. The belief is also that only the United States and the Soviet Union were involved in the conflict. As stated in the introduction, this common belief is wrong. Historical facts prove that the Cold War was not a war where no fighting was involved. It did not take place right after the Vietnam War and ending a few years later. Nor didRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was probably one the most infamous war in the history of the United States. Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam as a result of the Indochina War. North Vietnam belonged to the Communists and its allies after World War II and South Vietnam belonged to the anti-Communist supporters and their allies (the U.S was one of South Vietnam’s allies). It all started as an effort by America to keep South Vietnam away from Communism. Americans feared that if South Vietnam adapted

Pepsi Refresh Analysis free essay sample

A Thirst for Change For decades, PepsiCo beverages have had success in capturing much market share of the soft drink industry through fascinating advertising campaigns. Their campaigns revolved around the idea that Pepsi was a drink for the young and young at heart. The advertisements were filled with optimism and aimed to bring people together in some way. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Pepsi was challenged with the fact that people were simply drinking less soda to switch to healthier options. In response to the issue, Pepsi began to expand its product portfolio by including healthier alternatives to the sugar-filled soft drink. Although it was a good attempt to conform to the more health-conscious world, this new focus hindered the attention that was given to their money-making products. Pepsi knew they had to appeal to their audience as more than just a soft drink brand. The problem was how do to so. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi Refresh Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They began to follow the sentiments of the country and focus on making a change for the better of society. First they launched the Refresh Everything campaign, which gave Pepsi a voice and then the Pepsi Refresh Project, which put that voice to action. The project, which aimed to increase brand equity, earned them an award at the International Advertising Awards but failed to increase sales or market share. Even though the project was successful it was not selling product, which in the end was the main goal. The Pepsi Refresh Project took advantage of one of the company’s best strengths, brand awareness. People knew about Pepsi and were interested in what they were doing to better the society around them. Pepsi saw this new project as an opportunity to establish a point of difference from their biggest competitor, Coca-Cola. They believed that the new socially conscious America was a threat to their industry and had to combat the issue by giving in and helping out. Through social-media and traditional promotion as well as various public relations, Pepsi was able to generate 3. 24 billion media impressions, estimated to be worth $66 million in earned media value, with the Pepsi Refresh Project. Because much of their promotion was done through social networking, Pepsi added 3 million Facebook fans and 53,000 Twitter followers. They also advertised via commercials on NBC, ABC, Fox, MTV, Spike, and ESPN and had print ads in People and Parade magazines. For public relations, they encouraged celebrities to participate in the program and offered grants to help their cause. Even with all of the success in participation of the program, the numbers that really mattered were not increasing. Pepsi sales dropped 4. 8% while market share also decreased. Ultimately, Pepsi believed that long-term brand equity was gained but was unsure whether to continue the project. They could not go another year spending the same amount of money on the Pepsi Refresh Project without their sales increasing. In my opinion, Pepsi broadened the way people think about them as a company and for that, the project was a success. I do not think that continuing this project would be beneficial and they should lend their focus to creating a campaign that drives sales now that they have an even stronger brand equity and awareness.

Ultimate Guide to Write a Perfect Annotated Bibliography

Do you know nothing about the annotated bibliography? Do you have no idea at all what are its requirements and basic structure? Do you want to know how to write an annotated bibliography? Dive in and learn how to craft a perfect annotated bibliography. Quick Links 1. What is an Annotated Bibliography? 1.1 Abstract Vs. Annotation 2. Purpose of Annotated Bibliography 3. Types of Annotated Bibliographies 3.1 Example of an Informative or Descriptive Bibliography 3.2 Example of Critical or Analytical Bibliography 4. How to Write an Annotated Bibliography? 4.1 Pick the Sources 4.2 Review the Elements 4.3 Write the Citation 4.4 Write the Annotation 5. Annotated Bibliography Format 6. MLA Annotated Bibliography Example 7. Annotated Bibliography Example APA 8. Chicago Style Annotated Bibliography 9. Significance of Research in Annotated Bibliography 9.1 Get Professional Help 1. What is an Annotated Bibliography? First things first. You need to know what is an annotated bibliography. It is a list of citations to documents, articles, and books. Every citation is followed by a descriptive and brief paragraph, the annotation (comprising 150-200 words). Annotated bibliography is an organized list of sources. The basic purpose is to offer sufficient information to keep the reader interested in the original work. In simple terms, it describes whether the topic is useful or not and if yes, then why? Never confuse an annotation as a brief summary of a book, an article, or other web sources. It must be kept as simple as you can. 1.1 Abstract Vs. Annotation An abstract is a purely descriptive summary found at the beginning of a book. You can also find in a scholarly journal articles, web source or in periodic indexes. Annotations are also descriptive, but they are critical too. Also, they include; the description of the authority, the author's point of view and clarity of expression. 2. Purpose of Annotated Bibliography It does not have a single purpose. You need to explore the following points to develop an understanding. Offers a literature review on a particular topic Helps to make a thesis on subjects Provides examples of various sources of information Highlights the items that keep other researchers interested Reflects the research performed on a specific topic Students need to be careful about including all these points in their annotated bibliography, in order to earn a perfect grade. If you miss any point, you will not be able to depict a complete understanding of the source. This is a major requirement in this case. 3. Types of Annotated Bibliography There are two primary types: Informative or descriptive Critical or analytical 3.1 Example of An Informative or Descriptive Bibliography The conclusion and the main arguments of the author are discussed in the informative type. It can be considered as an abstract. Also, it highlights why the source is important for researching a particular question or topic. Here is an example of an annotated bibliography: For Example: Breeding evil. (2006, September 8). The Times, 375(8496), Retrieved from www.thetimes.com The editorial from the Times highlights the controversy of video games and the impact they have on the people and users. The author describes the skepticism of the mass media, which has gone back to the pastimes of the ancient Greeks. The significance of the article is extraordinary in exploring the controversial dimensions surrounding video games from a wide standpoint. It is published to target the general audience. 3.2 Example of Critical or Analytical Bibliography A critical or analytical annotation serves various purposes. It not only summarizes the piece, but it also analyzes the material. The strength of the article is examined. Besides, the weakness is also mentioned to express the key flaws in the conclusion presented by the author. Majorly, critical, or analytical bibliographies are used in a research paper or project. It is necessary to understand the art of making a critical analysis of the material. For Example: Breeding evil. (2006, September 8). The Times, 375(8496), Retrieved from www.thetimes.com The editorial from the Times discusses the controversial debate of video games and their effect on the people. The article indicates that a wide range of gaming critics are over 4, and it is the issue of age. Games cannot be blamed under any circumstances. While the article briefly summarizes studies conducted in the dimensions of gaming and violence, it never analyzes the in-depth aspects. The article is not enough to reflect both sides of the story. If the researchers want to make a critical analysis, other research must be studied that has been conducted in the field. The bottom line is that the author says opposition of video games is generally because of the generation gap. Remember, the example is specifically related to critical or analytical bibliography. Pay keen attention to the last sentence of the passage. The research of the author is criticized here. 4. How to Write an Annotated Bibliography? Now you are all set to write your own piece of the annotated bibliography. Read the following guidelines to learn how to write an annotated bibliography. Trust me; you won't regret it. 4.1 Pick the Sources Before you write an annotated bibliography, it is a must to choose the credible sources. Here is where research skills come in handy. Identify records to the material which may be utilized in your topic. You must choose scholarly articles which are older no more than the last 5 years. 4.2 Review the elements After choosing the sources, review the elements. Always choose the items which offer a wide range of perspectives on the topic. Article abstracts are the key to this process.4.3 Write the Citation First, write a complete citation and then follow it with the annotation. Citation should be the entry of your annotated bibliography. So, write the citation on the top. Follow the correct format of the respective citation i.e. apa mla, harvard, chicago or any other . Moreover, you do not need to add a separate reference list, references or works cited page. Just add in-text citations in your annotated bibliography. 4.4 Write the Annotation Right after the citation, create an annotation. Remember! The ideal and informative annotated bibliography consists of 150-200 words. The following items are part of creating an annotated bibliography: The aim of the work A summary of the content The audience targeted by the author Relevance to the primary topic Any unique or special features relevant to the material The weaknesses, biases, or strength in the material. Annotated Bibliographies can be arranged in order or alphabetically. Know that the preference of the instructor is what you need to consider. 5. Annotated Bibliography Format Do you want to know how to do an annotated bibliography? The instructor, in most cases, directs to use the specific type of annotated bibliography. Yes, there are different types. Follow the guidelines carefully if you are asked to submit an essay with bibliography at the end. Always keep an eye out to set your annotated bibliography format right. Here are some common formats which your teacher will probably prefer to include in your instructions. MLA Style APA Style Chicago Style If you want to get complete knowledge of these formats, learn more by reviewing these annotated bibliography examples. Remember, the following two features remain the same in each type of annotated bibliography: Author's name must be on the left. The remaining text must be indented. 6. MLA Annotated Bibliography Example It takes practice and seasoned guidance to master annotated bibliographies With different formats, it becomes further difficult to produce powerful annotated bibliographies. Read the following mla annotated bibliography example to have an understanding of the MLA formatted annotated bibliographies. Lammot, Anne.Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Life and Writing. Anchor Books, 1995. The most productive thing about Lamott's work is the reflection into the life of the writer. With victories and success, the doubts and failures of the writer are also discussed. The anecdotal mode of writing and giving several examples from personal writing career further guides the novice writers to excel. For the new writers, it is a powerful guide to become a pro writer. The writing style, educational and lightweight, has proven to be easily understood by students. The above example of mla annotated bibliography beams light on most appropriate way of writing annotated bibliography mla. Summarizing, viewing, and evaluation of the work are the three types expressed in above mla format sample. 7. Annotated Bibliography Example APA Ehrenreich, B., (2002).Nickel and Dimed: On (not) getting by in America. New York: Henry The book by Ehrenreich reflects a nonfiction piece which includes her research. The goal of the research was simple. She examined if it was possible to live on minimum wages in the United States of America (USA). To prove the point, Ehrenreich highlighted the experiences as a maid working for cleaning services and a Walmart sales employee. She acknowledges that her research has generated results, but the possibilities are limited. Nevertheless, the book offers a potential image of the rising cost of living in America and is based on seasoned research. The above annotated bibliography example apa includes texts in apa format. It is an example of apa annotated bibliography. In the first half, the book is summarized. The second half assesses the work and research of the author. This is how annotated bibliography apa is done. 8. Chicago Style Annotated Bibliography Davidson, Hilda Ellis.Role of the Northern Goddess. London: Routledge, 1999. Davidson's work is intended at presenting the diverse roles of the Northern European pagan goddesses in daily life. The diverse roles discussed by the author are hunting, agriculture, and several household arts. A single paragraph is enough in the chicago style annotated bibliography example. Read again, and you will notice that it is a detailed summary of the book and methods used by the author. Annotated Bibliography Sample If you have any difficulty understanding the concept, here is the sample annotated bibliography. It comprises all the necessary examples and everything important regarding annotated bibliography. Annotated Bibliography Sample (PDF) 9. Significance of Research in Annotated Bibliography Perform extensive research if you are analyzing the work of a credible author or source. As research is what differentiates quality and ordinary annotated bibliography. You simply cannot ignore the significance of research in annotated bibliography. 9.1 Get Professional Help Do you still think writing an annotated bibliography is a hard nut to crack? We can understand as it is not everyone's cup of tea to craft a perfect bibliography. Worry not! We've got you covered. Allow the experienced professionals at 5StarEssays to handle the trouble of writing critical annotated bibliographies. You can satisfy yourself by asking them for their sample annotations as well. To cut the line short, annotated bibliography often proves to be a headache for the students. Do not be one of them. The writers never compromise on quality. Gear up to reach the proficient writers and resolve the mystery of annotated bibliographies.

Smart Shopping Essay Example

Smart Shopping Essay Example Smart Shopping Paper Smart Shopping Paper Docs Google+ Gmail Calendar more All DocsEdit Read college essay Smart Shopping An average shopper in your average drugstore goes to find the next item on his grocery list. Cheerios it reads. When the shopper arrives at the isle where Cheerios can be found, he comes across a different box. Sweet Os is the name on the box, and right under the name in a smaller font it reads Generic-brand Cheerios. The shopper examines the list of ingredients on both boxes of cereals and notices that they are nearly identical. Then the shopper looks at the amount of cereal in each ox, again each box has about the same amount of cereal in it as the other. The cereals prices, however, couldnt be more different. The box of Cheerios is $3. 75, and the box of Sweet Os is $1. 25. If you were in this shoppers position, which box of cereal would you buy? Smart shoppers are known to purchase the generic-brand and save a little money rather than pay for the name on the box. When looking at colleges, I looked into enrolling in classes at my local community college, the same way smart shoppers will look into buying generic-brand groceries. An article ublished by The John Hopkins University Press in 2006 reads, Community colleges enroll almost half of all undergraduates in the United States With about 1200 institutions nationwide, community colleges have made significant progress over the past decade in opening access and have become a critical entry point to a higher education for many Americans who traditionally have been left out.. The current price of tuition at a four-year college is almost triple that of a community college. The average first two years of college for a student is fulfilling general education equirements. By simply attending a Junior college I can fulfill the general education requirements necessary to transfer to a University, while saving tens of thousands of dollars. Doing my laundry, cooking my meals, paying my bills. Those are Ju st three of many things my parents do for me on a daily basis. If my parents arent kicking me out of my house, I dont think there is any reason to leave. When you go away to college you usually will have to buy meal plan at the school in order to eat, and have to pay to in order to use the dorms laundry machines. At community college I can go o class and still come back home knowing that a fresh meal, and clean clothes will be there waiting for me. My transition from highschool to college will be a breeze having the support of my parents still. Forty percent of all college freshmen are undecided. If you know your major, it makes sense to take specific general education that said major requires. But if you dont know your major why spend all that money onA lot of students who go away to college will switch majors within their first two years; which makes sense because at eighteen years old, I find it hard to elieve that anyone can already have a career path chosen. Staying home and taking classes at my community college will give me time to explor e and fgure out what Im interested in[a]. A smart shopper doesnt purchases generic brand groceries because of the taste or the quality, the buy them because theyre cheap. My reasoning behind attending community college is Just a simple; money, and the amount of it Ill have later on in life by choosing to go to community college now. In my first paragraph I used imagery when I described a shopper in a grocery store to draw the reader in. I think I did it quite successfully because I have a solid first paragraph that is very descriptive for the reader. I also used the repetition of the word and idea of money to show that money is in fact my main reason for choosing community college Vs a four year school. I use voice and honesty when talking about not wanting to leave Docs education that said major requires. But if you dont know your major why spend all leave home to have the essay appear to be more personal. classes at my community college will give me time to explore and figure out what Im Vs a four year school.

Botswana †From Ancient Times to Current Democracy

Botswana – From Ancient Times to Current Democracy The Republic of Botswana in southern Africa was once a British protectorate but now is an independent country with a stable democracy. It is also an economic success story, rising from its status as one of the poorest countries of the world to the middle-income level, with sound financial institutions and plans to reinvest its natural resource income. Botswana  is a landlocked country dominated by the Kalahari Desert and flatlands, rich in diamonds and other minerals. Early History and People Botswana has been inhabited by humans since the dawn of modern humans about 100,000 years ago. The San and Khoi peoples were the original inhabitants of this area and South Africa. They lived as hunter-gatherers and spoke Khoisan languages, noted for their click consonants. Migrations of People into Botswana The Great Zimbabwe empire extended into eastern Botswana a thousand years ago, and more groups migrated into the Transvaal. The areas major ethnic group is the Batswana who were herders and farmers living in tribal groups. There were larger migrations into Botswana of these people from South Africa during the Zulu wars of the early 1800s. The group traded ivory and skins with the Europeans in exchange for guns and were Christianized by missionaries. British Establish the Bechuanaland Protectorate Dutch Boer settlers entered Botswana from the Transvaal, sparking hostilities with the Batswana. The leaders of the Batswana sought assistance from the British. As a result, the Bechuanaland Protectorate was established on March 31, 1885, including modern Botswana and parts of present-day South Africa. Pressure to Join the Union of South Africa The inhabitants of the protectorate did not want to be included in the proposed Union of South Africa when it was formed in 1910. They were successful in staving it off, but South Africa continued to pressure the UK to incorporate Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland into South Africa. Separate advisory councils of Africans and Europeans were established in the protectorate and the tribal rule and powers were further developed and regularized. Meanwhile, South Africa elected a nationalist government and established apartheid. A European-African advisory council was formed in 1951, and a consultative legislative council was established by a  constitution in 1961. In that year, South Africa withdrew from the British Commonwealth. Botswana Independence and Democratic Stability Independence was secured peacefully by Botswana in June  1964. They established a constitution in 1965 and held general elections to finalize independence in 1966. The first president was Seretse Khama, who was the grandson of King Khama III of the Bamangwato people and a prominent figure in the movement for independence. He was trained in law in Britain and married to a white British woman. He served three terms and died in office in 1980. His vice president, Ketumile Masire, likewise was reelected several times, followed by Festus Mogae and then Khamas son, Ian Khama. Botswana continues to have a stable democracy. Challenges for the Future Botswana is home to the worlds largest diamond mine and its leaders are wary of over-dependence on a single industry. Their economic growth has raised them into the middle-income bracket, although there is still high unemployment and socioeconomic stratification. A significant challenge is the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a prevalence estimated at over 20 percent in adults, the third highest in the world.​Source: US Department of State Background Notes

Depictions of Women in The Color of Purple Essay

Depictions of Women in The Color of Purple - Essay Example In this overview, she talks about the several political aspects of feminism that can be linked to theatre and other elements of feminist inquiry. Referring to Case's Feminism and Theatre and especially to Jill Dolan's The Feminist Spectator as Critic, Austin discusses the radical, cultural and materialist stages or divisions that fall within feminist analysis. Liberal feminism founded on universal values emphasizes women's equality with men; Cultural or radical feminism stresses the difference from and superiority to men and advocates the spirit of this within a 'female aesthetic'. While both 'radical' and 'cultural' have been used to explain this stage, Austin opts for the word 'radical' based on its political connotations. Materialist feminism contradicts the necessity and universalism of radical feminism by underscoring 'the function of class and experience in creating the oppression of women'. This latter approach maintains that women's experiences must be understood within their specific historical, economic and political context (Case 38). Just as, Austin invokes caution in 'making categories extremely powerful' when looking at the key work of feminist analysis, care is equally essential to these liberal, materialist or cultural divisions. This paper analyzes the author’s depiction of the female characters in the story using Gayle Rubin’s â€Å"exchange of women† theory, as expressed in Gayle Austin’s Feminist Theories for Dramatic Criticism. The Color Purple is a book by Alice Walker about racism, slavery, abuse and womanism. The story is based on the experiences of the author. Alice Walker’s description of a southern black woman in the story The Color Purple is extremely powerful. This is because Walker applies a variety of literary devices to the story, giving the story more impact. She uses symbolism, applies her tone as an author, and uses a certain dialect for her characters. The presence of symbolism in the book i s not as glaring to the eye of the reader as one may think (Walker 264). Gayle Rubin (2011) referred to marriage as the traffic or exchange of women where women are taken in battle, sent as tribute, given in marriage, exchanged for favors, traded, purchased, and sold. Throughout time, women have always been an essential aspect of literature. They have inspired several writers, whether novelists, dramatists, essayists or poets. Unfortunately, these often illustrated men as the superior gender, and women a passive object that could not thrive on its own and could do nothing for itself. In literature, women could only survive through the lives, minds and eyes of men but rarely for themselves. In Le deuxieme sexe, Simone de Beauvoir states that women are differentiated and defined in relation to man; the woman is the other and he is the subject. Beautiful and submissive, they could never think for themselves. They were obliged to take a secondary place in the men's world, not because of their capacity but rather because of imposed social and cultural forces. This false and biased representation denied women their identity and even worse their dignity. The history of patriarchy shows a variety of injustices suffered by women. They represented, in a way, the disadvantaged group that had often been subject to male authority through male egocentrism and had been prevented from full development as human beings. Sexism, under patriarchy,

Research report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research report - Assignment Example It is my hope that this report will provide the department with the information needed to assess their own efforts on the US employment scenario. Please let me know if there is any question regarding this report or if there is any other information needed. I may be reached at (555) 211-2121 and by email at ABCD@USchamberofcommerce.com Enc. REPORTED US STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT 2012 Annual Report Prepared by Michael A Leven President and Chief Operating Officer Report distributed July 21, 2013 Prepared for US States Department for Labor ABSTRACT This report examines the pattern of growing US unemployment since the global recession started. There are two types of unemployment. This report identifies the structural unemployment problem and tries to help the government with the policies in right direction. Several Methods of way-outs are discussed here. Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Analysis of Reported US STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ... Several Methods of way-outs are discussed here. The United States Chamber of Commerce is a lobbying group of America. It represents the interests of many trade associations and businesses. It is not a part of United States Government. The Chamber is populated with lawyers, lobbyists and policy specialists. Politically, this Chamber is usually considered as a  conservative organization. Introduction This report inspects the recent US trend of unemployment problem since the outset of global recession. It discusses about various factors that distinguish cyclic unemployment from structural unemployment. Usual government policies to eradicate the unemployment are not just sufficient to rub off the structural unemployment. Structural unemployment is often referred to as either skills or jobs mismatch. The workers face the consequence by either being on the wrong side of the job or end up having the wrong skills. The policies should be designed in such a way that people on the wrong side of the job and with wrong skills should be moved to right position. If unemployment is through lack of demand, then demand should be created through generating spending. Spending has real benefits in present or in the future. Be it wasteful or useful, any spending can generate employment. Larger government deficits either by tax cut or direct spending are the obvious ways to increase spending. Lowering of interest rates and reducing the value of dollars by Federal Reserve Board are the other alternatives to soar up the aggregate demand. Analysis of the US Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment comprises either skills or jobs mismatch. The workers face the consequence by either being on

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay Example for Free

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay WP is a refrigeration case company and their goal is to create value for its customers. They are dedicated to lead the industry towards sustainability by providing energy efficiency and sustainability of their operation as well as the product they provide to their customers. WP vision is to use their knowledge and resources to improve the current economic conditions. They began in New Jersey searching for a solution to a problem. They have a mission to provide industry –leading solutions that can help their customers stay competitive in their market. WP has an amazing time-line since they opened in 1887. In 1977, WP opened up the Engineered Systems division in Georgia. Through acquisitions since 2009, they now have eight locations and plan to acquire more companies in the future. This paper will indicate what type of market structure WP competes and why the market structure was decided upon. It will also show how the market structure differentiates from any other alternatives. WP manufacturer refrigeration and specialty cases based on their customers want and needs. They also cater to the aftermarket sector in order to provide fresh ideas and parts in order to serve their customers better. WP has increased their market shares by creating innovative products that cannot be found at any other competitor. They listen to their customers and utilize their knowledge and resources to manufacturer exquisite cases for the retail grocer. It is important to WP that their customers know how they are an intricate part of their business. Maintaining the leader in the industry by providing innovative products continue to attract more grocery store owners to their business. With the increase in exposure, creates higher sales, which, will lead to overall increase in profits margins. A supply chain group (STARS) was developed to create alliance partnerships between the customers, suppliers, and various departments at WP. The STARS group has years of success in increasing the supplier and customer alliances. WP has a monopolistic competition market structure. Monopolistic competition is  sellers of a product sell similar profiles but makes it somewhat different and take less emphasis on the price. The various companies decide on their own pricing structure of the product there are selling and the output of that product. The price is based on the current market and the cost to product the product. There can be many producers of the product because no one company has total control over the market place. There are few barriers to entry. Some include capital, as there is the need to have capital order to start up the business. In addition, there is inelastic demand, which means their strategy to penetrate the market by selling at a lower price than their competitors sell. Finally, another barrier to entry is economy of scale, which is the increase in efficiency of production as the number of cases being produced increases. Advance technology can affect the cost advantages as they can reverse as quickly as technology changes. Competitive strategy is how a business competes in the market that they are in. WP competitive strategy includes product differentiation, control cost, technology, and maintain market shares. WP differentiates between their products versus their competitors because they provide outstanding quality cases built with quality-inspected parts. They also provide outstanding field service support to their customers, which enable WP to charge a higher price in order for them to maximize their profits. Another competitive strategy is controlling cost. By controlling the cost, WP is able to minimize their loss. They control their cost by creating alliance partnerships with their suppliers with agreements set into place so that cost stay consistent. Pricing is not able to increase unless if reaches an agreed upon threshold, then and only then are the suppliers allowed changing their price annually. This allows WP to maximize their cost by keeping the cost down and not passing along price increa ses to their customers as material cost increase. In a bad economy is become even hard to maintain market shares. WP motto is to â€Å"never say no to our customers†. They never let a customer go. In order to keep the customer happy, WP provides a four to six week lead-time to their customers compared to the industry standard of eight weeks. Custom color matching makes WP a specialty center in which a customer can see a color and describe it to them in order to have that same exact look in their stores. Technology changes every day. In order  to keep up with the growing technology, WP has a large marketing team and IT department. They are constantly researching trends and what drives consumers to shop in the grocery stores. Fresh foods and lighting are a few triggers to a consumers loyalty to a store so WP developed a website to market their products to be more energy efficient and provide cases that will keep the freshness in. The website show the various types of cases available and the total fan color charts to pick from. Internet is today’s way of communicating and customers do not want to take time to pick up the phone. They want to research on-line first to see if what is offered a potential product for their store. It is the only way to touch the customer interest the fastest. WP also participates in yearly shows to allow hands on changes to technology and trends in the market place. WP might want to consider branding as additional strategies in their organization in order to maximize their profits before their product hits the road; there are quality inspections and testing done. To ensure that they stay number one in market position as well as staying in a competitive market, WP should put their name on all cases. This will put their name out in the market. Branding of their product needs to large enough for anyone to see that WP manufactured this case and that they care about moving into the future with energy efficient product. If needs to differentiate between them and their competitors so that there is no mistaken identity of the manufacturer contact information. References Merriam-Webster (2014) Monopolistic Competition. Retrieved on February 1, 2014 from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/monopolistic%20competitionConsumer

Religious Themes in Macbeth Essays -- Literary Analysis

William Shakespeare wrote the play Macbeth in approximately 1606. The play is a tragedy and this can be often identified before we have even read the play. The title â€Å"Macbeth† alone suggests the genre of the play is a tragedy as it is the name of a character. Life in Shakespeare’s time was very religious and the play was written in order to please King James I who was on the throne at this point. The idea of the theme of religion and witchcraft fitting into the play was also to please King James I as he was interested in witchcraft. The majority of people living in Shakespeare’s time were Christians and they believed that if you lived a good life, you would go to Heaven and if you were bad in life, you would go to Hell. At the time of the play, King James I was on the throne and this is significant as he makes Banquo a good character as he is the King’s Ancestor. This influenced Shakespeare’s writing because he had to write a play to please the King so Shakespeare included witchcraft as King James I was interested in witchcraft. The text of the play is based on â€Å"Chronicles: History of England, Scotland and Ireland† published by Raphael Holinshed in 1577. In Chronicles, Banquo is an accomplice to Macbeth in the murder of the King rather than a loyal subject of the King who is seen as an enemy by Macbeth. Shakespeare could have changed Banquo’s character in order to please King James I. The witches fit into the theme of Macbeth as the play is very religious and involves witchcraft and the powers of evil. In Act 1, Scene 1, the three witches meet in the battlefields to talk about when they are going to meet Macbeth following the fighting. In Act 1, Scene 1 Shakespeare uses pathetic fallacy to show the mood of the scene. The weathe... ...is warning him of what will happen. To further extend my point, the second and third apparation go on to say ‘Macbeth shall never be vanquished until Great Birnam Wood to High Dunsinane shall come against him’ which again warns Macbeth of What is to come. I believe Macbeth would have done such deeds as he goes on in the play to talk about his ‘Vaulting ambition’ This line suggests that Macbeth all along could have had a burning desire to be king and just needed the edge from the witches to kill King Duncan. Throughout the whole play we could consider Lady Macbeth as a fourth witch as she try’s to persuade Macbeth to kill King Duncan. Overall, I believe that Macbeth was a villain as he had a ‘Vaulting ambition’ to become King with a little help from the witches. The witches had great effect on Macbeth as a character and a huge effect on the plot of the play.

Chinese Food Essay

Chinese food has a long history with more than 5,000 years. Different area has different kind of cooking. Also, different style of cooking has different characteristic. Chinese food covers a lot of the delicious tastes from all over the country. First, Cantonese cuisine is delicious and attractive, which is always my favorite style of dishes. Cantonese cuisine’s characteristic is sweet, original and light. It lays importance on the food’s high freshness. (About) You can see there are many living fish which will be killed and made of a dish when the customer requires. Besides, Cantonese cuisine has many kinds of food, like shumai. Shumai is filled with primarily of pork, black mushroom, green onion and ginger with seasonings of Chinese rice wine. (Wikipedia) It tastes very delicious with a salt and smooth taste. It seems like the word â€Å"mouthfeel† was invented for it. It is the typical and traditional food for Cantonese. Every time I go to Cantonese restaurant, Shumai is the dishes that I will choose automatically. Also, Shumai is always the apotheosis of Cantonese cuisine in my mind. Second, Sichuan cuisine has a long history. Sichuan cuisine has a really long history and it can be dated back to the period of Qin Dynasty. (Wikipedia) Nowadays, Sichuan cuisine has been famous for all over the world. And Sichuan restaurants exist in many areas in the world. Even President Obama also enjoys this kind of delicious food. (Z&Y restaurant) Sichuan cuisine mainly uses soy sauce, vinegar and sauce. Without these relishes, the taste of Sichuan cuisine will degrade. Besides, the style of Sichuan cuisine is fresh and simple. (Wikipedia) For me, Sichuan cuisine is always spicy and stimulating. The dishes are simple, but they can give me a sense of enjoyment and comfort. Sichuan cuisine has a really long history and now is famous all over the world. Third, besides Chinese food’s tasty, it is also good for body constitution. I have ever seen many court play on TV that many emperors would let his cooks to make medicine diet. Also, sometimes my parents will add some traditional Chinese medicine into the soup. Although I don’t have foodie tendencies, I grew up loving this kind of soup. Nowadays, many new dietary therapy cuisines are created, with good taste and effect. By eating medicine diet, I grow up healthily and strongly. In conclusion, Chinese food covers many kinds of delicious food. And it is the wisdom of Chinese people. I am really proud of it. In the future, I believe that Chinese food will go on a new stage and can be appreciated by people all over the world. Reference Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Shumai. Retrieved November 19, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shumai#Serving About. (n. d. ). Cantonese cuisine. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http://chinesefood. about. com/od/cantonesecuisine/p/profile. htm Z&Y restaurant. (n. d. ). Chef Han. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http://www. zandyrestaurant. com/en/index. html Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Diet therapy. Retrieved November 19, 2012 from http://zh. wikipedia. org/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E8%86%B3.

Fire Safety and Dorm Polocies

The Ann Arbor Fire Department responded to the call at about 10:40 p. M. , but by that time the fire had already been contained by the hall's sprinkler system, officials said. No one was injured† (Caller, 2008). Here we see a fire related incident which took place at a residence hall in Michigan. Something as simple as a small electric fan could lead to large, costly damage. This incident relates to me because I made the decision to have a candle in my dorm room.An unlit candle to most would seem extremely harmless; however, there are many ways that it could put the people around it in danger. One way that a candle could cause a large problem would be if someone were to light it and have the smoke be caught by the smoke detector. Even if the owner did not light the candle, a roommate or friend that comes in the room while the owner is gone could easily light it. Furthermore, when a candle is lit and then in turn burned out smoke is released into the air. The smoke detectors ins talled in dorm rooms instantly trigger a sprinkler system which floods the room with water when smoke or ire is detected.When a room is flooded with water it affects the surrounding rooms as well. Rooms nearby will most likely have water damage as well which will definitely create a lot of unhappy residents. Not only will residents have to suffer from water damage in their rooms but they will also have to deal with temporary relocation. Students will most likely have to be moved into another dorm hall till the damage can be fixed. Unfortunately, no clean-up crew can replace textbooks, precious pictures or sentiments that could have been damaged from the flood of water or the fire.This is why residence halls have such a strict policy with fire related objects. Another way that candles can be of serious harm to those who surround it is through neglect. Say a resident decided to light a candle and then left it burning while they went to take a shower; a gust of wind from a closing door could easily cause a piece of paper on a desk to blow near it and catch fire and in turn begin to create a much larger fire from that. This is a simple scenario that shows how a simple candle on a desk could lead to a much larger problem.Another case where a residence hall fire caused severe damage was the Poland Hall Fire. â€Å"The fire began around 4:30 AM on January 19 when most students were asleep. It spread rapidly across three couches in the third floor lounge and approached temperatures of up to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit (81 5 degrees Celsius) in less than five minutes. Though no accelerate was used, the fire burned hot enough to melt the synthetic carpet of the hall, causing severe injuries to many of the students attempting to escape the conflagration by crawling on the floor to reach the stairs.Most students on the third floor evacuated in the thick smoke using the staircases; a few Jumped over 40 feet (12 meters) to the ground. Three students died. Aaron Karol and Frank Calibrator died of thermal injuries, and John Giant died due to smoke inhalation. Fifty-eight students and firefighters were injured, four seriously enough to require lengthy hospital stays and rehabilitation† (Fisher, 2000). This case goes to show how intensely and quickly a fire can affect its surroundings.Not only was the building in which the fire was started destroyed but lives were also lost along with it. Hearing about the severe damage that a building and its residents can have from a small starting fire really make you second guess your decisions. Although having a simple unlit candle can seem like it would cause no harm, in reality it could result in lives lost, buildings destroyed and families of lost or injured loved ones extreme heartache. I would never want to impose those heart aching feelings on anyone.I now realize that my decision to own a candle in a dorm room was a terrible one. I have also learned that I need to think of all the possible outcomes of what could happen as a result of my decision making. This simple write up has changed my outlook on decision making for the better. To receive respect you must give respect which is why you need to think out your sections before you make them. I do not want my room flooded any more than the next person does so I should partake in fire conscious decisions if my other fellow residents are going to as well.Rules are set for a reason and as much as we like to break them they are there for our safety and to prevent anything tragic from happening from one stupid mistake. Along with the fire safety rule the rule about noise policy is Just as important. The actions we make affect everyone around us and choosing to be loud during stud actions we make affect everyone around us and choosing to be loud during study ours can definitely affect your surrounding residents in a negative way.They may be studying for a big exam that will determine whether or not they pass the class and the noise that someo ne is making could affect how well they retain the information they are studying. In all noise is not as large off problem as fire safety is, but it definitely something that can negatively affect its surrounding community. I have thought through my decisions of owning a candle and being too loud in the dorm room and I realize that they are both incidents that could have been avoided if I would have thought out my consequences.If I would have known about the several cases where fires have been started from something so simple as a candle or fan I would have never made the decision to purchase one. This has been a great learning lesson for me and I now know to think my actions out before I make them.

4 Ways to Land the Job When You’re Overqualified

4 Ways to Land the Job When You’re Overqualified Say you want to take a break from managerial positions and go back to doing more hands-on, creative work. Or maybe you’ve been laid off and pickings are slim. Perhaps you just want to spend more time with family and friends and don’t mind taking a pay cut. Chances are, you don’t look right on paper for the work you used to do. Here are four ways to circumvent the problem of being overqualified.1. Network Face-to-FaceOnline programs are going to weed you out: you have too many years experience and your salary range is probably too high. You won’t get past the initial cull. But you can still get your foot in the door. Figure out why you want to make this change, hone it into a great elevator pitch, and hit the meet-and-greets. Get in front of as many hiring managers as you can, one-on-one, and make your case. You’ll have much more success with people than with online bots.2. Don’t Bury the LeadYou’re a great candidate, but the hiring man ager will be skeptical of your taking a step backward (in the linear model anyway). Why wait for them to ask? Bring the issue right out into the open yourself by bringing it up first. That way, you control the conversation and the narrative and can really explain your situation and why you’d still be right for them to hire.3. Put Your Heart on Your SleeveIf you were to take all of your hard-won management experience off your resume, there’d be a huge gap. But you can still get rid of it! Add in its place volunteer experience and consulting in your field. If you don’t have any, get started! The career-enriching work will pay off in the long run.4. Tell your StoryOnce you get the interview, you’re almost there. Make it personal. Explain your unique qualifications, but don’t forget to sell yourself- you!- as a good fit for the job. Use your storytelling skills to show them who you are and why this is not just the best move for you, but the best move f or their company.

EFL Instructors

Writing Skills Teaching Guide for ESL/EFL Instructors Writing competence in a foreign language tends to be one of the most difficult skills to acquire. This is true for English as well. The key to successful writing classes is that they are pragmatic in nature targeting the skills required or desired by students. Students need to be personally involved in order to make the learning experience of lasting value. Encouraging student participation in the exercise, while at the same time refining and expanding writing skills, requires a certain pragmatic approach. The teacher should be clear on what skills he/she is trying to develop. Next, the teacher needs to decide on which means (or type of exercise) can facilitate learning of the target area. Once the target skill areas and means of implementation are defined, the teacher can then proceed to focus on what topic can be employed to ensure student participation. By pragmatically combing these objectives, the teacher can expect both enthusiasm and effective learning. Overall Game Plan Choose writing objectiveFind a writing exercise that helps to focus on the specific objectiveIf possible, tie the subject matter to student needsProvide feedback through correction activities that call on students to correct their own mistakesHave students revise work Choose Your Target Well Choosing the target area depends on many factors; What level are the students?, What is the average age of the students, Why are the students learning English, Are there any specific future intentions for the writing (i.e school tests, job application letters, etc.). Other important questions to ask oneself are: What should the students be able to produce at the end of this exercise? (a well-written letter, basic communication of ideas, etc.) What is the focus of the exercise? (structure, tense usage, creative writing). Once these factors are clear in the mind of the teacher, the teacher can begin to focus on how to involve the students in the activity thus promoting a positive, long-term learning experience. Things to Remember What will students be able to do after the exercise?Keep the focus on one area of English writing skills Having decided on the target area, the teacher can focus on the means to achieve this type of learning. As in correction, the teacher must choose the most appropriate manner for the specified writing area. If formal business letter English is required, it is of little use to employ a free expression type of exercise. Likewise, when working on descriptive language writing skills, a formal letter is equally out of place. Keeping Students Involved With both the target area and means of production, clear in the teachers mind, the teacher can begin to consider how to involve the students by considering what type of activities are interesting to the students; Are they preparing for something specific such as a holiday or test?, Will they need any of the skills pragmatically? What has been effective in the past? A good way to approach this is by class feedback or brainstorming sessions. By choosing a topic that involves the students the teacher is providing a context within which effective learning on the target area can be undertaken. Correction The question of which type of correction will facilitate a useful writing exercise is of utmost importance. Here the teacher needs to once again think about the overall target area of the exercise. If there is an immediate task at hand, such as taking a test, perhaps a teacher-guided correction is the most effective solution. If the task is more general (for example, developing informal letter writing skills), maybe the best approach would be to have the students work in groups thereby learning from each other. Most importantly, by choosing the correct means of correction the teacher can encourage rather discourage students.

US Department of lebor Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

US Department of lebor - Research Paper Example â€Å"Public Law 426-62: An Act to create a Department of Labor† was the organic act which created a sole DOL with a Secretary of Labor removed from the Department of Commerce. The law was signed reluctantly by President Taft within hours from the time Woodrow Wilson took over as president. The Progressive Movement has been credited for the call for its enforcement. Earlier, the DOL consisted mainly of the United States Conciliation Service (USCS), which was responsible for overseeing and mediating labor disputes in the country. Together with this branch are four other which already existed prior to the DOL. The first Labor Secretary was Congressman William Wilson appointed by President Wilson. The appointee had been a known labor campaigner as founder of United Mine Workers of America where he also once served as its Secretary-Treasurer. The mission statement of the Department of Labor is â€Å"To foster, promote, and develop the welfare of the wage earners, job seekers, and retirees of the United States; improve working conditions; advance opportunities for profitable employment; and assure work-related benefits and rights.† This is not much of a stretch from the purpose contained in its organic act as it has remained forcefully relevant. Currently, the department is tasked with the difficult task on the matter which has become the main topic in the presidential debate: unemployment. The current and future goals can be found in the Secretary’

The impact of women in law enforcement Research Paper

The impact of women in law enforcement - Research Paper Example Notwithstanding this occurrence, women are still struggling for acceptance, inside and outside the department. Though there is a clear-cut gap between the number of women currently in law enforcement, and the number that should be working. Women continue to face an ongoing battle, not only to become police officers, but also to gain the acceptance once employed. There is no questioning that, the disparity between the number of men and women, working in police departments have had a negative impact on the police subculture, operations, and effectiveness of law enforcement agencies throughout the nation (Scarborough & Collins 2002). So what are we waiting for? It is time to give this question a serious consideration. Maybe the question is totally answerable (in the mind of some), but certainly, it is worth serious discussion, and hopefully action on the needs of communities. Different communities face difficulty recruiting candidates for police positions. One has to wonder why they are ignoring the pool of women who are available and interested in entering the law enforcement. In fact, some police agencies are giving police candidates at least $11,000 to sign up. In addition, candidates are paid while attending a police academy. Currently, female officers are still relatively unknown to lay person, especially in smaller communities and non-metropolitan counties. Most people have not been stopped, questioned or even assisted by a female police officer. But that is changing, and an increasing number of citizens will realize certain fraternal, religious, or ethnic backgrounds proved important for entry and advancement in the police service. This was true for the Irish, Italians, Jews, Mormons, and Masons. Recently, with the advent of affirmative action, blacks, Latinos and Orientals have entered the police service in increasing numbers, and have assumed leadership positions in many departments. Police ranks (through the 1960s) were dominated by the male recruits. Ro okies learned from veteran officers that the way to get along in a police organization was to never rock the boat. Each new officer was expected to internalize norms and the value system of the department, and to accept the operating principle of maintaining the status quo. As new police officers, they were taught that criminals, civil right activists, and feminist were the enemies. It was a question of the police versus the criminal element. Shocked by the changes occurring at such a rapid pace, the police during the 1960s rejected charges of racism and sexism and viewed themselves as minorities and the last vestige of society’s protectors. The real thin blue line was striving to contain the rabble that was trying to destroy the American way of life. All of this resulted in a continuing pattern of sexism, whereby women were discriminated on the basis that change was not needed, and that police work could only be performed by men. Unfortunately, vestiges of these remain as no ted by a number of women filing suit against police departments for sexual discrimination. There is a need for women to be represented in law enforcement, and once admitted to the ranks, they should have every opportunity

College admissions essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College admissions - Essay Example I came to this conclusion about a year ago when I had the unfortunate experience of watching both friends and family members struggle with cancer. While at the hospital, I observed caring oncologists and other healthcare professionals, (including radiation technicians) assisting these people through their most trying situations with care and compassion. It is for this reason that I became inspired, and I realized that this was the career path I should have chosen. My long-term goals include continuing my education; as I enjoy growing, learning, and evolving as a professional. I also know that whatever I do I want to help people and make a difference in their lives, even if it is only a small contribution. As a young college student I didn't comprehend all the positions that were available within the healthcare industry that would satisfy my duel fascinations with science and the human body. Therefore, at the time, I pursued a Bachelor of Science degree in Physical Education; with a concentration on fitness and wellness. However, I soon learned that the scope of available employment for this degree can be somewhat limiting, and so, found myself working in the field of nuclear energy. As I mentioned, I enjoy learning and expect to accomplish my goal of becoming a radiation technician in approximately one year.

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter

Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter Under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3)..'anyone who wilfully fails to render to a person in danger any assistance which, without risk to himself or to third parties, he could render him either by his own action, or by initiating rescue operations..' is punishable by imprisonment and fine. Essay Question: What is the criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act? Having regard to the above extract from the French Penal Code, critically discuss whether the current English Law on this issue should be changed. The criminal law in England and Wales on liability for omissions to act: Unlike the French Penal code, which provides a general duty on all persons to assist others in peril according to their abilities, breach of which is a specific offence in its own right, English criminal law does not impose a general duty to act to save other people or property from harm, even if this could be done without any risk or inconvenience. For example, a man who simply stands and observes a child drowning in a shallow pool when he is in a position to easily rescue it should he choose to do so, commits no offence under English law, because he is not under a duty to rescue it. A duty to act may however arise under a contract, the most obvious example being where the failure to fulfil a contractual obligation is likely to endanger the lives of others. Liability is not necessarily precluded by the injured person not being a party to the contract; in the case of Pittwood[1], the defendant, who was a level-crossing keeper, in breach of his contract of employment, failed to close the gate when a train was approaching, resulting in someone dying on the crossing. Wright J confirmed that criminal liability can be incurred from a person’s failure to perform their contractual duty and held that, in this case, a duty was owed to the road users even though, prima facie, the contractual obligation was owed only to the railway company. A person who holds a public office, such as a police officer, may also be under a duty to care for others. For example, in the case of Dytham[2], a uniformed police officer failed to act when he saw a man being kicked to death a few yards away and was convicted on charges of ‘misconduct in a public office’. Likewise, a parent is under a duty to save his/her young child from harm; a parent who has allowed his/her baby child to starve to death may, depending upon his/her state of mind, be convicted of murder or manslaughter[3]. Other close relationships may also involve a similar duty[4], such as between a husband and wife, although this particular example might be more akin to a contractual duty arising from the contract of marriage than to the duty in the above example. The voluntary carer of a person unable to look after him/herself is also bound by a duty of care towards that person under English criminal law. In Nicholls[5], the defendant received a young child into her care, on the death of that child’s mother. Brett J directed the jury that if a person chooses to take on the care of someone who is helpless, either from infancy, infirmity or mental illness, he is bound to execute that responsibility and, if he allows him/her to die, he may be guilty of manslaughter. In Stone[6], this principle was extended to include situations where a person does not overtly accept the responsibility of carer, but where the situation has lead to such; for example, in a situation where two people have lived together for some time, and the health of one of those people deteriorates to a state where they become dependent upon the other for care, then the court may be prepared to imply a voluntary undertaking of care from the very fact that the healthy party did in fact oblige[7]. Such a duty will of course be extinguished if the relationship between these two parties should end, or if the ill party orally releases the other from his/her responsibilities [providing of course that the party is in a state capable of making a rational decision]. An example of this latter situation might be a patient releasing her doctor from his duty of care towards her by instructing him that should she become ill, she does not wish to be treated. Such an advance refusal will only be effective if the patient is fully compos mentis, has not been unduly influenced in respect of her decision and has contemplated the actual situation which will arise, understanding all the consequences of refusing treatment in such a situation[8]. A duty of care can also arise from an accident; where the accused inadvertently and without the appropriate mens rea performs an act which places a person or property in danger, but before the resulting harm is complete, becomes aware of the train of events caused by his inadvertent act, then that party is, by virtue of the English criminal law, under a duty to take such steps as lie within his power to try to prevent or reduce the risk of harm; if he does not, then he may be criminally liable for the consequences. The case authority for this special duty situation is the case of Miller[9], in which the defendant had, quite by accident, fallen asleep in the plaintiff’s house with a lit cigarette in his fingertips. He awoke to find that he had set the mattress of the bed, in which he was sleeping, alight, but rather than raising alarm or trying to extinguish the fire, he simply went into the adjacent room and fell asleep in there. The House of Lords affirmed his conviction for arson, contrary to s1(1) and (3) of the Criminal Damage Act 1971, as he was in breach of his duty to take reasonable care to extinguish the fire which he had accidentally caused, being in a position to do so. As yet there is no clear authority on how much of a risk a person under such a duty to act might be expected to run in order to perform that duty, but the common law duty requires ‘reasonable’ steps to be taken, a criterion which will be assessed in light of all the circumstances of the particular case in question. So far we have focussed our discussion around the duties of ordinary citizen’s in daily life as developed by the English common law. It should be noted that there are also in place many statutory schemes of regulation in regard to industry and commerce, such as the offence of failing to comply with a limitation, condition or notice contrary to the Radioactive Substances Act 1993. There are also statutory schemes for the distribution of public money, such as the failure to notify a change of circumstances under the Social Security Administration (Fraud) Act 1997, and schemes for other licensed regulated activity such as failing to report a road accident. These statutory schemes are simple rules which must be followed as a condition of engaging in these activities, and are relatively non-contentious in their lack of general application to the ‘ordinary citizen’. Critical discussion regarding the issue of whether the current English Law, as described above, should be changed so as to be more like the law contained in Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code(Chapter III, Section 3): As we have seen from the above description, English criminal law does not generally criminalize the failure to render assistance to another citizen who is in peril, even where such assistance would be easy and cause no harm to ourselves. In contrast, the law under Article 223-6 of the French Penal Code (Chapter III, Section3), as quoted within the question of this essay, does create a general duty to rescue, and does criminalise such omissions. The position of the English criminal law in not generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that the vagueness of the terms involved with criminalizing such omissions [such as ‘reasonable steps’] would leave citizens with no clear warning of what they must do and when [the principle of ‘fair warning’]. It may also be defended on grounds that this resulting uncertainty would have a weakening effect on the rule of law and would also lead to too great a reliance on prosecutorial discretion in defining the effective scope of such omission criminalisation. The English position might be best defended however by adherence to the principle of autonomy; â€Å"the imposition of a duty to act restricts one’s liberty to pursue one’s own ends and desires by requiring one to do a particular thing at a particular time.† The position of the French Penal Code in generally criminalising such omissions might be defended on grounds that more important than the principles of fair warning, rule of law and individual autonomy is the protection of human life and human safety. A. Ashworth and E. Steiner[10] argue that Article 223(2) is a deliberate attempt to set the protection of one citizen’s life or safety above the protection of the maximum liberty of other citizens. The position might also be defended by the fact that since its introduction in 1941, this French Penal Code, responsible for generally criminalising a failure to rescue, has not been considered oppressive[11] in the way that vehement advocates of the English approach might lead one to believe such a law would. The truth is that both the English and the French approach in regards to liability for omissions to act have their respective shortcomings. The English approach does not afford enough weight to the worthy protection of the fundamental interest in human life and safety; the French approach does not afford sufficient attention to the worthy principles of autonomy, fair warning and the rule of law. Perhaps the solution therefore would be a compromise? I believe that the lesson English criminal law should learn from the Penal Code of our Continental comrades is the importance in recognising the harms involved with not helping a person who is in peril; English law must retain its firm stance with regards autonomy, fair warning and rule of law, but simultaneously afford a greater degree of attention to the protection of the fundamental interest in human life. As M. A. Menlowe[12] writes: â€Å"†¦when fundamental interests are involved (life, physical integrity), we should pause before accepting that an individual’s freedom of action is more valuable than a requirement to carry out a non-burdensome rescue.† In conclusion therefore, I would argue that perhaps a compromise should be employed by the English criminal law; a ‘duty of easy rescue’. The law should criminalise omissions to rescue those in peril where such a rescue is a simple and harmless task, but should not punish someone for not engaging in a rescue attempt when the risks associated with such a rescue are uncertain and complicated. Pessimists might argue that it would be too difficult to create a law which attempted a balance between on the one hand the respect for autonomy, adherence to the principle of fair warning and adequate protection of the rule of law, and on the other, a respect for protection of the fundamental interest in human life, but such critics should bear in mind that these three former principles are often found balanced with other interests throughout English law. As Feinberg remarks: â€Å"similar line-drawing problems exist throughout the law, and most have been found manageable.[13]† Bibliography A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9 (1984) Cases cited: Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 Stone [1977] QB 354 Re T [1993] Fam 95 Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 Footnotes [1] Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 [2] Dytham [1979] 3 All ER 641 [3] Gibbins (1918) 82 JP 287 [4] Smith [1979] Crim LR 251 [5] Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 [6] Stone [1977] QB 354 [7] Stone [1977] QB 354 [8] These criteria were first set out in the case of Re T [1993] Fam 95 [9] Miller [1983] 2 AC 161 [10] A. Ashworth and E. Steiner ‘Criminal Ommissions and Public Duties (1990) 10 Legal Studies 153 [11] A. Ashworth, ‘Principles of Criminal Law’, 3d. Oxford University Press 1999 p50 [12] M. A. Menlowe. ‘The Philosophical Foundations of a Duty to Rescue,’ in M. A. Menlowe and A. McCall Smith (eds), The Duty to Rescue (1993) [13] Feinberg, Harmless Wrongdoing, xii, summarising his argument in ‘Harm to Others’ 150-9

Alfarabi And Aristotle: The Four Causes And The Four Stages Of The Doc

Alfarabi and Aristotle: The Four Causes and The Four Stages of The Doctrine of The Intelligence Alfarabi was raised as a young boy in Baghdad. His early life was spent studying the art of linguistics, philosophy, and logic. His teachers were Syrian Christians experts in Greek philosophy. He studied Aristotle and Plato in detail, and it became evident in his later writings that they were a strong influence on him. He became quite a prolific writer, and he wrote more than 100 works, many of which have unfortunately been lost including his a lot of his commentaries on Aristotle. He was one of the earliest Islamic thinkers to transmit to the world of his time the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle. He is considered by many to be the founder of an authentic philosophy. His writings created a lot of support, debate, and controversy. He contributed materials on the proof of the existence of the First Principle, and on the theory of emanation, as well as the theory of knowledge, in addition to his commentaries on Greek philosophers. The Greek influence is clearly present in his works, especially with his Opinions of the Inhabitants of a Virtuous City, where he laid down a philosophical, religious, and social system for the humanity at large; a system that sought to break barriers and facilitate relations among people and nations. This work sounded very similar to the work presented by Plato in Plato's Republic. They both took into consideration the matter of city/state, who was to govern, who was to be governed, how this governing was to take place, how it was to be enforced, and so on. It also appears clear that he was influenced greatly by Aristotle. This influence is present in his "Doctrine of the Intellect". The Doctrine of the intellect was Alfarabi's approach to giving his own interpretation to the intellect. There are strong similarities between Alfarabi's Doctrine of the Intellect and Aristotle's "Four Causes". Needless to say that they each are comprised of four stages, but the stages seem very similar, they seem to be representative of one another, almost to the point of defining one another. It will be demonstrated that Alfarabi used Aristotle's "Four Causes" to derive and support the Doctrine of the Intellect. Alfarabi draws off of Ar... ... of Alfarabi, then it is clear that there was a strong Aristotelianism influence on Alfarabi. This is evident in several of the writings such as in his mentions of the four senses, intellect in potentiality, intellect in actuality, acquired intellect, and with the agent intellect. There are several other writings that are credited to Alfarabi that were based on Plato and Aristotle, so there is no real reason to assume that these writings were not those of Alfarabi. It appears that Alfarabi uses the basic principles of Aristotle and has applied them to his principles of the Doctrine of the Intellect in order to rationalize his philosophy. Alfarabi was a philosopher that grabbed new ideas and harnessed them with some of the greatest philosophical minds known to man. He took Aristotle to a new level, doesn't any true philosopher? He embodied the thoughts of previous minds, and united them with his own and became a very powerful influence on Islamic philosophy. It is clear that Aristotle was used to develop his Doctrine of the Intellect. The similarities, the context, and the rational are too similar to belong to anyone else. Alfarabi And Aristotle: The Four Causes And The Four Stages Of The Doc Alfarabi and Aristotle: The Four Causes and The Four Stages of The Doctrine of The Intelligence Alfarabi was raised as a young boy in Baghdad. His early life was spent studying the art of linguistics, philosophy, and logic. His teachers were Syrian Christians experts in Greek philosophy. He studied Aristotle and Plato in detail, and it became evident in his later writings that they were a strong influence on him. He became quite a prolific writer, and he wrote more than 100 works, many of which have unfortunately been lost including his a lot of his commentaries on Aristotle. He was one of the earliest Islamic thinkers to transmit to the world of his time the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle. He is considered by many to be the founder of an authentic philosophy. His writings created a lot of support, debate, and controversy. He contributed materials on the proof of the existence of the First Principle, and on the theory of emanation, as well as the theory of knowledge, in addition to his commentaries on Greek philosophers. The Greek influence is clearly present in his works, especially with his Opinions of the Inhabitants of a Virtuous City, where he laid down a philosophical, religious, and social system for the humanity at large; a system that sought to break barriers and facilitate relations among people and nations. This work sounded very similar to the work presented by Plato in Plato's Republic. They both took into consideration the matter of city/state, who was to govern, who was to be governed, how this governing was to take place, how it was to be enforced, and so on. It also appears clear that he was influenced greatly by Aristotle. This influence is present in his "Doctrine of the Intellect". The Doctrine of the intellect was Alfarabi's approach to giving his own interpretation to the intellect. There are strong similarities between Alfarabi's Doctrine of the Intellect and Aristotle's "Four Causes". Needless to say that they each are comprised of four stages, but the stages seem very similar, they seem to be representative of one another, almost to the point of defining one another. It will be demonstrated that Alfarabi used Aristotle's "Four Causes" to derive and support the Doctrine of the Intellect. Alfarabi draws off of Ar... ... of Alfarabi, then it is clear that there was a strong Aristotelianism influence on Alfarabi. This is evident in several of the writings such as in his mentions of the four senses, intellect in potentiality, intellect in actuality, acquired intellect, and with the agent intellect. There are several other writings that are credited to Alfarabi that were based on Plato and Aristotle, so there is no real reason to assume that these writings were not those of Alfarabi. It appears that Alfarabi uses the basic principles of Aristotle and has applied them to his principles of the Doctrine of the Intellect in order to rationalize his philosophy. Alfarabi was a philosopher that grabbed new ideas and harnessed them with some of the greatest philosophical minds known to man. He took Aristotle to a new level, doesn't any true philosopher? He embodied the thoughts of previous minds, and united them with his own and became a very powerful influence on Islamic philosophy. It is clear that Aristotle was used to develop his Doctrine of the Intellect. The similarities, the context, and the rational are too similar to belong to anyone else.

Concept of Community

Concept of Community 1 Running head: Concept of Community Concept of Community Abstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the concept of community. The paper will explore the differences and definition between community and aggregate. The author will further discuss specific identification and description of an aggregate. The paper will conclude with the writer’s personal expression regarding this topic. Community vs. Aggregate Public health nurses and other care providers face various roles and challenges when working within the community. It is significant that nurses understand the differences between aggregate care vs. ommunity based approaches to health care and service delivery. A community, in public health, is a defined population. The focus of public health is the health of a defined population of community. A community can be defined as a common interest or characteristics (age, race, gender, social class, or cultural identity), also referred to as an associate population. It can be defined by geographic boundaries, or a system (Porche, 2004). Therefore, an individual within a given population can be a member of several different communities at one time, depending on the defining characteristic of the community. And, depending on the type of community, the members may never come into contact with one another (Porche, 2004). An aggregate is a subgroup of the community population. Any community consists of multiple aggregates. Community aggregates can be grouped into simple aggregates based on demographics or geographic locations. This is the least type of aggregate in community health practices. The most common type of aggregate is high risk aggregate. A high risk aggregate or subpopulation of the community that has a high risk commonality among its members, such as Concept of Community 3 isky lifestyle behaviors (drug users, alcoholics) or high risk health conditions (teen pregnancy). The aggregate concept is used to target specific aggregates or subpopulations within the community (Porche, 2004). An aggregate approach, targets a specific subpopulation within the community, such as teenagers at risk for teen pregnancy. For example, an aggregate study (Kelly, Sheeder, 2004), was to test the h ypothesis that teenagers who have taken home pregnancy tests (aggregate), are more ambivalent about remaining non-pregnant than those who have not, and for this reason, use contraceptives less consistently. This was supported by detailed evidence. The authors concluded that home pregnancy test taking should be regarded as a red flag by those who care for adolescents; although they are as capable of using contraceptives as their peers, test takers are less apt to do so because they expect less negative consequences from childbearing, and for this reason, may benefit more from discussing childbearing expectations than contraceptive options. Therefore, aggregate health care focuses on a specific group of people and is a more in-depth and detailed type of treatment. In contrast, the community based approach focuses interventions of the entire community, using community or population based data. In the community-based approach, the interventions are designed to affect the health of the entire community at one time. In other words, the community or public health approach is focused on the entire community. To affect the health of the entire population, the public health nurse targets specific groups and designs interventions at multiple levels (individuals, aggregate or group, family and community). Concept of Community 4 Conclusion In conclusion, Public health nurses and other care providers face various roles and challenges when working within the community. It is vital that nurses understand the differences between direct and indirect services and aggregate care versus community based approached to health care and service delivery. Within a given community, multiple partners become vital to the health and well being of populations served. Aggregate care tends to focus more on individual services and individually appropriate methods of delivery. In many circumstances however, community and aggregate based approaches may be considered one in the same. Concept of Community 5 References Porche, J. (2004). Community Health Nursing Practice: A Population-Based Approach. Journal of Clinical Nursing, pp. 7-16. Kelly, L. , Sheeder, J. (2004). Teen Home Pregnancy Test Takers: More Worried or More Wishful? Pediatric Nursing Journal,13(3), 581-584. Frish, N. (2007). Concept of Community and Aggregate Care. Alternative Journal of Nursing, 14(7), 45-50. Reed, J. (2003). Aggregate Health Status: A Benchmark Index for Community Health. Journal of Medical Systems, 27(2), 177-189.

Home of Mercy Essay

Harwood’s ‘Home of Mercy’ focuses on the ideas of oppression, youth and punishment by using an abundance of literary and poetic techniques. All of the above highlight the strict and rigorous nature of the Catholic Church, thus portraying Catholicism in a negative manner. Oppression through the perversion of the Christian doctrine is one of the key themes in the sonnet. The first description that the reader gets of the girls is that they are â€Å"ruined.† The word ‘ruined’ is a high modality word, and exemplifies the fact that these girls cannot be fixed no matter how hard one tries. This creates a sense of pity as the word â€Å"girls† represents youth. There is also a sense of order and routine that is demonstrated in the way â€Å"the girls are walking at the neat margin of the convent grass.† The word â€Å"neat† and the religious imagery associated with the word â€Å"convent† depict a strict order. Grass is also associated with the colour green, which represents fertility. The fact that the girls are â€Å"walking at the neat margin of the†¦ grass†, shows that they are not allowed to be mothers. The girls are then â€Å"counted as they pass.† This establishes a sense of anonymity as we are looking at the girls as a whole group and not as individuals, which they are. This conveys that they are not cared for individually, and that they are in a harsh environment. The sonnet’s form is also directly related to the subject matter, as it is written in iambic pentameter which diegetically exposes the oppression of the young girls as of it’s strict rule. Through the use of many poetic devices, such as imagery, the theme of oppression by religion is established whilst sticking to a strict form. Youth also plays a large role in this poem, as it highlights their innocence and innate desires. The second stanza says that the girls â€Å"smooth with roughened hands their clumsy dress. â€Å" The juxtaposition of the word â€Å"smooth† and â€Å"rough† bring attention to the reader, as girls hands are not rough by nature, but rather delicate. This indicates that their youth is being taken away, resulting in the reader having feelings of hopelessness and sadness. This line then continues with the words, â€Å"that hide their ripening bodies.† The word â€Å"ripening† is related to fertility, and the girls hiding their â€Å"ripening bodies† establishes that they should be shameful of having ‘sinned.’ The way they are hiding their bodies is similar to how the Church is hiding them away in these Magdalene Laundries. The last line of the second stanza is particularly disturbing for the reader, due to the manner in which the girls are described as, â€Å"mischievous children in distress.† ‘Mischievous’ is a term of endearment and when combined with the word â€Å"distress† connotes a feeling of worry and despair. In the final stanza of the sonnet, the girls are in chapel, however whilst they are supposed to be praying for repentance they are instead dreaming. This is embodied by the quotation, â€Å"with prayer its sad recourse to dream and flight.† This shows that the only time the girls are free is in their thoughts. Therefore, the nature of youth is explored throughout the sonnet through the use of literary devices such as juxtaposition and metaphors. Punishment of these girls is also a significant factor and is expressed by irony, and the cyclical nature of their daily routine. The girl’s work is tiresome and straining and is referred to as â€Å"their intolerable weekday rigour.† The word â€Å"rigour† has a harsh â€Å"g† as does the word â€Å"vigour† which is mentioned later on. This is cacophonous, and is diegetically representing what their work and life is actually like. Their punishment is also very ironic, as they are laundering â€Å"for their sin, sheets soiled by other bodies.† They are washing sheets in which other people have had sex, and that is the fundamental reason that they are in the Magdalene Laundry. Their punishment is also cyclical, as seen by the quote â€Å"each morning†, with the word each embodying a sense of routine. The washing machine also embodies a cyclical routine, therefore emphasising the nature of the girl’s punishment. The last line – â€Å"angels will wrestle them with brutish vigour† is arguably the most disturbing line in the whole poem, because of the contrast it demonstrates. The word â€Å"angels† has a light sound, and symbolises happiness, and peace, whereas in this instance the word is used completely differently. The word â€Å"wrestling â€Å" has sexual connotations, thereby making it possible that this is a rape scene. The last line of this sonnet is very powerful and vividly portrays that these girls are never free, and that they will forever remain ‘Fallen Woman.’ For the aforementioned reasons, punishment is of vital importance in this poem as it gives both the poem and the girls structure. In summation, oppression by Catholicism, the nature of youth and punishment are all prevalent themes in this sonnet. Harwood uses many techniques, which manifest themselves into these three thematic concerns.